|
2010 |
Robert G. Edwards |
"for the development of in vitro fertilization" |
|
2009 |
Elizabeth H. Blackburn,
Carol W. Greider, and
Jack W. Szostak |
"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres
and the enzyme telomerase" |
|
2008 |
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and
Luc Montagnier |
"for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus" |
|
2008 |
Harald zur Hausen |
"for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical
cancer" |
|
2007 |
Mario R. Capecchi,
Sir Martin J. Evans, and
Oliver Smithies |
"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific
gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells" |
|
2006 |
Andrew Z. Fire and
Craig C. Mello |
"for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing
by double-stranded RNA"
|
|
2005 |
Barry J. Marshall and
J. Robin Warren |
"for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori
and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease" |
|
2004 |
Richard Axel and
Linda B. Buck |
"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization
of the olfactory system" |
|
2003 |
Paul C. Lauterbur and
Sir Peter Mansfield |
"for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging" |
|
2002 |
Sydney Brenner,
H. Robert Horvitz, and
John E. Sulston |
"for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of
organ development and programmed cell death'"
|
|
2001 |
Leland H. Hartwell,
Tim Hunt, and
Sir Paul Nurse |
"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle" |
|
2000 |
Arvid Carlsson,
Paul Greengard, and
Eric R. Kandel |
"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in
the nervous system" |
|
1999 |
Günter Blobel |
"for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals
that govern their transport and localization in the cell" |
|
1998 |
Robert F. Furchgott,
Louis J. Ignarro, and
Ferid Murad |
"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling
molecule in the cardiovascular system" |
|
1997 |
Stanley B. Prusiner |
"for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle
of infection" |
|
1996 |
Peter C. Doherty |
"for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the
cell mediated immune defence" |
|
1995 |
Edward B. Lewis,
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, and
Eric F. Wieschaus |
"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of
early embryonic development" |
|
1994 |
Alfred G. Gilman and
Martin Rodbell |
"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these
proteins in signal transduction in cells" |
|
1993 |
Richard J. Roberts and
Phillip A. Sharp |
"for their discoveries of split genes" |
|
1992 |
Edmond H. Fischer and
Edwin G. Krebs |
"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation
as a biological regulatory mechanism" |
|
1991 |
Erwin Neher and
Bert Sakmann |
"for their discoveries concerning the function of single
ion channels in cells" |
|
1990 |
Joseph E. Murray and
E. Donnall Thomas |
"for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation
in the treatment of human disease" |
|
1989 |
J. Michael Bishop and
Harold E. Varmus |
"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral
oncogenes" |
|
1988 |
Sir James W. Black,
Gertrude B. Elion, and
George H. Hitchings |
"for their discoveries of important principles for drug
treatment" |
|
1987 |
Susumu Tonegawa |
"for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation
of antibody diversity" |
|
1986 |
Stanley Cohen and
Rita Levi-Montalcini |
"for their discoveries of growth factors" |
|
1985 |
Michael S. Brown and
Joseph L. Goldstein |
"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol
metabolism" |
|
1984 |
Niels K. Jerne,
Georges J.F. Köhler, and
César Milstein |
"for theories concerning the specificity in development
and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle
for production of monoclonal antibodies" |
|
1983 |
Barbara McClintock |
"for her discovery of mobile genetic elements" |
|
1982 |
Sune K. Bergström,
Bengt I. Samuelsson, and
John R. Vane |
"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related
biologically active substances" |
|
1981 |
Roger W. Sperry |
"for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization
of the cerebral hemispheres" |
|
1981 |
David H. Hubel and
Torsten N. Wiesel |
"for their discoveries concerning information processing
in the visual system" |
|
1980 |
Baruj Benacerraf,
Jean Dausset, and
George D. Snell |
"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined
structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions" |
|
1979 |
Allan M. Cormack and
Godfrey N. Hounsfield |
"for the development of computer assisted tomography" |
|
1978 |
Werner Arber,
Daniel Nathans, and
Hamilton O. Smith |
"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application
to problems of molecular genetics" |
|
1977 |
Roger Guillemin and
Andrew V. Schally |
"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production
of the brain" |
|
1977 |
Rosalyn Yalow |
"for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones" |
|
1976 |
Baruch S. Blumberg and
D. Carleton Gajdusek |
"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the
origin and dissemination of infectious diseases" |
|
1975 |
David Baltimore,
Renato Dulbecco, and
Howard M. Temin |
"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between
tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell" |
|
1974 |
Albert Claude,
Christian de Duve, and
George E. Palade |
"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional
organization of the cell" |
|
1973 |
Karl von Frisch,
Konrad Lorenz, and
Nikolaas Tinbergen |
"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation
of individual and social behaviour patterns" |
|
1972 |
Gerald M. Edelman and
Rodney R. Porter |
"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure
of antibodies" |
|
1971 |
Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. |
"for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action
of hormones" |
|
1970 |
Sir Bernard Katz,
Ulf von Euler, and
Julius Axelrod |
"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors
in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage,
release and inactivation" |
|
1969 |
Max Delbrück,
Alfred D. Hershey, and
Salvador E. Luria |
"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism
and the genetic structure of viruses" |
|
1968 |
Robert W. Holley and
H. Gobind Khorana |
"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function
in protein synthesis" |
|
1967 |
Ragnar Granit,
Haldan K. Hartline and
George Wald |
"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological
and chemical visual processes in the eye" |
|
1966 |
Peyton Rous |
"for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses" |
|
1966 |
Charles B. Huggins |
"for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic
cancer" |
|
1965 |
François Jacob,
André Lwoff, and
Jacques Monod |
"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme
and virus synthesis" |
|
1964 |
Konrad Bloch and
Feodor Lynen |
"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation
of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism" |
|
1963 |
Sir John Eccles,
Alan L. Hodgkin, and
Andrew F. Huxley |
"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved
in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions
of the nerve cell membrane" |
|
1962 |
Francis Crick,
James Watson, and
Maurice Wilkins |
"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure
of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer
in living material" |
|
1961 |
Georg von Békésy |
"for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation
within the cochlea" |
|
1960 |
Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet and
Peter Medawar |
"for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance" |
|
1959 |
Severo Ochoa and
Arthur Kornberg |
"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological
synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid" |
|
1958 |
George Beadle and
Edward Tatum |
"for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite
chemical events" |
|
1958 |
Joshua Lederberg |
"for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and
the organization of the genetic material of bacteria" |
|
1957 |
Daniel Bovet |
"for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that
inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially
their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles" |
|
1956 |
André F. Cournand,
Werner Forssmann, and
Dickinson W. Richards |
"for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization
and pathological changes in the circulatory system" |
|
1955 |
Hugo Theorell |
"for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action
of oxidation enzymes" |
|
1954 |
John F. Enders,
Thomas H. Weller, and
Frederick C. Robbins |
"for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses
to grow in cultures of various types of tissue" |
|
1953 |
Hans Krebs |
"for his discovery of the citric acid cycle" |
|
1953 |
Fritz Lipmann |
"for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for
intermediary metabolism" |
|
1952 |
Selman A. Waksman |
"for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic
effective against tuberculosis" |
|
1951 |
Max Theiler |
"for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to
combat it" |
|
1950 |
Edward C. Kendall,
Tadeus Reichstein, and
Philip S. Hench |
"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal
cortex, their structure and biological effects" |
|
1949 |
Walter Hess |
"for his discovery of the functional organization of the
interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal
organs" |
|
1949 |
Egas Moniz |
"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy
in certain psychoses" |
|
1948 |
Paul Müller |
"for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact
poison against several arthropods" |
|
1947 |
Carl Cori and
Gerty Cori |
"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion
of glycogen" |
|
1947 |
Bernardo Houssay |
"for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of
the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar" |
|
1946 |
Hermann J. Muller |
"for the discovery of the production of mutations by means
of X-ray irradiation" |
|
1945 |
Sir Alexander Fleming,
Ernst B. Chain, and
Sir Howard Florey |
"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect
in various infectious diseases" |
|
1944 |
Joseph Erlanger and
Herbert S. Gasser |
"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated
functions of single nerve fibres" |
|
1943 |
Henrik Dam |
"for his discovery of vitamin K" |
|
1943 |
Edward A. Doisy |
"for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K" |
|
1942 |
The prize money was
with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special
Fund of this prize section |
|
1941 |
The prize money was
with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special
Fund of this prize section |
|
1940 |
The prize money was
with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special
Fund of this prize section |
|
1939 |
Gerhard Domagk |
"for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil" |
|
1938 |
Corneille Heymans |
"for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic
mechanisms in the regulation of respiration" |
|
1937 |
Albert Szent-Györgyi |
"for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion
processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis
of fumaric acid" |
|
1936 |
Sir Henry Dale and
Otto Loewi |
"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission
of nerve impulses" |
|
1935 |
Hans Spemann |
"for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic
development" |
|
1934 |
George H. Whipple,
George R. Minot, and
William P. Murphy |
"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases
of anaemia" |
|
1933 |
Thomas H. Morgan |
"for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome
in heredity" |
|
1932 |
Sir Charles Sherrington and
Edgar Adrian |
"for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons" |
|
1931 |
Otto Warburg |
"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the
respiratory enzyme" |
|
1930 |
Karl Landsteiner |
"for his discovery of human blood groups" |
|
1929 |
Christiaan Eijkman |
"for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin" |
|
1929 |
Sir Frederick Hopkins |
"for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins" |
|
1928 |
Charles Nicolle |
"for his work on typhus" |
|
1927 |
Julius Wagner-Jauregg |
"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation
in the treatment of dementia paralytica" |
|
1926 |
Johannes Fibiger |
"for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma" |
|
1925 |
The prize money was
allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section |
|
1924 |
Willem Einthoven |
"for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram" |
|
1923 |
Frederick G. Banting |
"for the discovery of insulin" |
|
1922 |
Archibald V. Hill |
"for his discovery relating to the production of heat in
the muscle" |
|
1922 |
Otto Meyerhof |
"for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the
consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the
muscle" |
|
1921 |
The prize money was
allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section |
|
1920 |
August Krogh |
"for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism" |
|
1919 |
Jules Bordet |
"for his discoveries relating to immunity" |
|
1918 |
The prize money was
allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section |
|
1917 |
The prize money was
allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section |
|
1916 |
The prize money was
allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section |
|
1915 |
The prize money was
allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section |
|
1914 |
Robert Bárány |
"for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular
apparatus" |
|
1913 |
Charles Richet |
"in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis" |
|
1912 |
Alexis Carrel |
"in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation
of blood vessels and organs" |
|
1911 |
Allvar Gullstrand |
"for his work on the dioptrics of the eye" |
|
1910 |
Albrecht Kossel |
"in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of
cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including
the nucleic substances" |
|
1909 |
Theodor Kocher |
"for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of
the thyroid gland" |
|
1908 |
Ilya Mechnikov and
Paul Ehrlich |
"in recognition of their work on immunity" |
|
1907 |
Alphonse Laveran |
"in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa
in causing diseases" |
|
1906 |
Camillo Golgi |
"in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous
system" |
|
1905 |
Robert Koch |
"for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis" |
|
1904 |
Ivan Pavlov |
"in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion,
through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has
been transformed and enlarged" |
|
1903 |
Niels Ryberg Finsen |
"in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of
diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light
radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science"
|
|
1902 |
Ronald Ross |
"for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters
the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful
research on this disease and methods of combating it"
|
|
1901 |
Emil von Behring |
"for his work on serum therapy, especially its application
against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the
domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of
the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths"
|
