|
September 1945 Radio-Craft
 [Table of Contents]
Wax nostalgic about and learn from the history of early electronics.
See articles from Radio-Craft,
published 1929 - 1953. All copyrights are hereby acknowledged.
|
Yes, it's another nomograph.
This one is for calculating the number of decibels required to amplify or attenuate
a voltage level. The chart came from a 1945 edition of Hugo Gernsback's Radio-Craft
magazine, but decibels are still defined today the way they were nearly 70 years
ago. A hard copy of a nomograph residing in a notebook or on the wall is still a
handy tool when you need to do a quick calculation. Unless you have a voice-commanded
app where Siri will instantly respond with a conversion for you, printing out one
of these nomographs might be a really handy aid for the lab or office (cubicle).
As far as I know, there is no official name for Android OS voice personalities,
but there is an aftermarket version called
Skyvi (Siri for Android). That sounds a little to close to Southern
pronunciation of "scabie"
or even "skivvy" for comfort, so let us prefer the voice go unnamed.
A Decibel Nomograph
This "equivalent to an infinite number of charts" calculates gains or losses
in decibels from the voltage input-output ratios
By Nathaniel Rhita
Many problems may be solved by graphical means. An advantage of such representations
is the bird's-eye view which results. To connect two variables it is common to plot
a chart which is a line or curve, every point of which indicates one variable in
terms of the other. Charts may be designed to correlate frequency vs. dial setting,
antenna length vs. reactance, plate voltage vs. plate. current, etc.
Decibel Nomograph (black on white).
Another type of graph is the nomograph which is useful in certain types of problems.
This is usually designed to contain three lines or curves, each calibrated in terms
of a variable. The nomograph differs from the ordinary chart in that the reader
supplies his own indication by the use of a straight-edge, preferably a celluloid
ruler or other transparent straight-edge.
Suppose we wish to show the variation of three quantities: Two may be shown on
a chart, but there is no way of showing the third, which will have to be assumed
constant: We would need an infinite number of curves on our chart, each corresponding
to some value of the third variable. A nomograph is therefore equal to an infinite
number of graphs. This is the key to its usefulness.
Decibel Nomograph (white on black).
A useful nomograph is that relating DB gain or loss to voltage or power ratio.
The three variables are input, output and decibels. In the figure, the left-hand
scale is calibrated in values from 1 microvolt to 100 volts in two sections, A and
B. The right-hand scale indicates from one-half volt to 500 volts. The center scale
shows decibels in two sections, C corresponding to A and D corresponding to B.
As the nomograph stands it indicates voltage gain or loss, but since current
varies directly with voltage in any constant impedance circuit, amperes may be substituted
for volts and microamperes for microvolts. To extend to power values the center
scale must be divided by two for all readings.
To work out a problem, connect the larger of the two voltages, currents or powers
at scale E with the smaller at either A or B by means of the ruler. If the output
is larger there is a gain, otherwise a loss. The answer is read off at C or D.
Five lines are shown on the figure as examples.
1 - We wish to find the voltage gain of an audio amplifier. Making measurements
with a V.T.V.M. we find the output is 55 volts when the input is .15 volts. There
is a gain of 51.3 DB (Line A).
2 - We have an R.F. tuner and after repairing and aligning we wish to find its
amplification. Applying a signal generator to an artificial antenna we find an output
of 3 volts when 1600 microvolts is measured at the input. The gain is 6.5 DB (Line
B).
3 - How much attenuation must we use to obtain an output of .51 volts when 20
volts is applied to the attenuator? All impedances are assumed matched. We must
design an attenuator to have a 31.9 DB loss (Line C). The same line may be used
to show the output when the input and the attenuation are known.
4 - As mentioned before, power calculations are the same except that the DB scale
is read off as one-half its value. The catalog lists a particular amplifier as having
10 watts output. What is its power gain (above 6 milliwatts)? Connect 10 at E with
6000 at A. The gain is 64.2 divided by 2, equals 32.1 DB (Line D).
5 - Another useful transformation is that of percentage to decibel loss. Amplifiers
are sometimes rated in percentage distortion or noise and sometimes in DB down from
the rated output. Only two variables are concerned, percentage and decibels. To
operate, the ruler is kept fixed against the bottom indication of the left-hand
scale at all times. Percentage is read at E, while DB down is read at D. A particular
amplifier is known to have 2% distortion. How many DB is this below rated output?
The answer is 17 DB below (Line E).
The nomograph below is suitable for most practical purposes. For greater accuracy,
a photostatic enlargement of any convenient size may be employed.
Nomographs / Nomograms Available on RF Cafe:
-
Parallel Series Resistance Calculator -
Transformer Turns Ratio Nomogram -
Symmetrical T and H Attenuator Nomograph -
Amplifier Gain Nomograph -
Decibel
Nomograph -
Voltage and Power Level Nomograph -
Nomograph Construction -
Nomogram Construction for Charts with Complicating Factors or Constants
-
Link Coupling Nomogram -
Multi-Layer Coil Nomograph
-
Delay Line Nomogram -
Voltage, Current, Resistance, and Power Nomograph -
Resistor Selection Nomogram -
Resistance and Capacitance Nomograph -
Capacitance Nomograph -
Earth
Curvature Nomograph -
Coil Winding Nomogram -
RC Time-Constant Nomogram -
Coil Design
Nomograph -
Voltage, Power, and Decibel Nomograph -
Coil Inductance Nomograph -
Antenna Gain Nomograph
-
Resistance and Reactance Nomograph -
Frequency / Reactance Nomograph
Posted July 13/2021
(updated from original post on 7/24/2014)
|
