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Exodus Advanced Communications

DOE Handbook
Electrical Safety
- Contents -
DOE HANDBOOK
ELECTRICAL SAFETY

RF Cafe - U.S. Department of Energy logo

U.S. Department of Energy           AREA SAFT
Washington, D.C. 20585

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Available on the Department of Energy
Technical Standards Program
Web site at
http://tis.eh.doe.gov/techstds


DOE-HDBK-1092-2004


CONTENTS
FOREWORD.............................................................................ii 1.0 INTRODUCTION...................................................................1-1
1.1 PURPOSE........................................................................1-1
1.2 SCOPE..........................................................................1-1
1.3 AUTHORITY HAVING JURISDICTION..................................................1-2
2.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS.................... .....................................2-1
2.1 ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE OR REPAIRS..............................................2-1
2.1.1 WORK ON ENERGIZED/DEENERGIZED ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT.........................2-1
2.1.2 CONSIDERATIONS FOR WORKING ON ENERGIZED SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT..............2-1
2.1.3 SAFETY WATCH RESPONSIBILITIES AND QUALIFICATIONS...........................2-2
2.2 BASIC SAFEGUARDS...............................................................2-2
2.3 RESPONSIBILITIES...............................................................2-3
2.3.1 MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES................................................2-3
2.3.2 EMPLOYEE RESPONSIBILITIES..................................................2-3
2.4 REVIEWS/INSPECTIONS............................................................2-4
2.5 APPROVAL OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT...............................................2-4
2.6 CODES, STANDARDS, AND REGULATIONS..............................................2-4
2.7 GROUND FAULT CIRCUIT INTERRUPTERS AND ARC FAULT CIRCUIT INTERRUPTERS...........2-5
2.7.1 HOW A GFCI WORKS...........................................................2-5
2.7.2 USES.......................................................................2-6
2.7.3 ARC FAULT CIRCUIT INTERRUPTERS.............................................2-7
2.8 TRAINING AND QUALIFICATIONS OF QUALIFIED WORKERS.............................2-8
2.8.1 FORMAL TRAINING AND QUALIFICATIONS.........................................2-8
2.8.2 TRAINING OF SAFETY PERSONNEL...............................................2-9
2.9 WORKING SPACE AROUND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT....................................2-9
2.9.1 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT RATED AT 600 VOLTS OR LESS............................2-9
2.9.2 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT RATED OVER 600 VOLTS..................................2-11
2.10 IDENTIFICATION OF DISCONNECTION MEANS.......................................2-12
2.10.1 DISCONNECTING MEANS.......................................................2-12
2.10.2 PANELBOARD CIRCUIT DIRECTORIES............................................2-12
2.10.3 ENCLOSURE LABELING........................................................2-12
2.10.4 LOAD LABELING.............................................................2-12
2.10.5 SOURCE LABELING...........................................................2-12
iii
2.11 WORK INSTRUCTIONS.............................................................2-13
2.11.1 SAFE WORK INSTRUCTIONS AND SUPERVISION....................................2-13
2.12 ELECTRICAL PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT......................................2-14
2.12.1 MANAGEMENT'S RESPONSIBILITIES.............................................2-14
2.12.2 INSPECTING PPE............................................................2-14
2.12.3 CLEANING AND ELECTRICAL TESTING OF PPE....................................2-15
2.12.3.1 TESTING...............................................................2-15
2.12.3.2 TESTING APPARATUS.....................................................2-15
2.12.3.3 RETESTED PPE..........................................................2-15
2.12.4 LIVE-LINE TOOLS...........................................................2-15
2.12.4.1 FIBERGLASS-HANDLED TOOLS..............................................2-15
2.12.4.2 WOODEN-HANDLED TOOLS..................................................2-15
2.12.5 MAXIMUM USAGE VOLTAGE.....................................................2-16
2.12.6 MAXIMUM USAGE VOLTAGE FOR LIVE-LINE TOOLS.................................2-16
2.12.7 RUBBER-INSULATED GLOVES...................................................2-16
2.12.8 STORAGE...................................................................2-16
2.12.9 SAFETY SHOES, HARDHATS, AND GLASSES.......................................2-16
2.13 WORK PRACTICES................................................................2-17
2.13.1 TRAINING..................................................................2-17
2.13.1.1 LIVE PARTS............................................................2-17
2.13.1.2 SAFE PROCEDURE........................................................2-17
2.13.1.3 CIRCUITS AND EQUIPMENT................................................2-17
2.13.1.4 STORED ELECTRICAL ENERGY..............................................2-18
2.13.1.5 STORED NONELECTRICAL ENERGY...........................................2-18
2.13.1.6 LOCKOUT/TAGOUT PROCEDURE..............................................2-18
2.13.2 VERIFICATION OF DEENERGIZED CONDITION.....................................2-18
2.13.2.1 VOLTAGE VERIFICATION TEST.............................................2-18
2.13.2.2 APPLICATION OF GROUNDS................................................2-19
2.13.3 REENERGIZING EQUIPMENT....................................................2-19
2.13.3.1 TESTS AND VISUAL INSPECTIONS..........................................2-19
2.13.3.2 WARNING EMPLOYEES.....................................................2-19
2.13.4.1 APPROACH DISTANCE.....................................................2-20
2.13.4.2 TWO WORKERS...........................................................2-20
2.13.4.4 ILLUMINATION..........................................................2-20
2.13.4.5 SYSTEMS UNDER LOAD....................................................2-20
2.13.4.6 WORKING WITH TEST INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT...........................2-20
2.13.4. 6.1 QUALIFIED EMPLOYEES...............................................2-21
iv
2.13.4.6.2 VISUAL INSPECTIONS..................................................2-21
2.13.4.6.3 RATING INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT....................................2-21
2.13.4.6.4 CALIBRATION OF ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTS...............................2-21
3.0 ELECTRICAL PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE............................................3-1
3.1 DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION REQUIREMENTS....................................3-1
3.2 DEFINITION.....................................................................3-1
3.3 MAINTENANCE....................................................................3-1
3.4 INSPECTION.....................................................................3-1
3.5 ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS.............................................................3-3
3.6 PLANNING AND DEVELOPING AN EPM PROGRAM; FUNDAMENTALS OF EPM....................3-3
3.7 GROUND-FAULT PROTECTION........................................................3-3
4.0 GROUNDING.......................................................................4-1
4.1 REGULATIONS, CODES, AND REFERENCES.............................................4-1
4.1.1 ENGINEERING SPECIFICATIONS AND DRAWINGS....................................4-1
4.2 CIRCUIT AND SYSTEM GROUNDING...................................................4-1
4.3 EQUIPMENT GROUNDING............................................................4-1
4.4 BONDING........................................................................4-2
4.5 GROUNDED OR UNGROUNDED SYSTEMS.................................................4-3
4.5.1 GROUNDED SYSTEMS...........................................................4-4
4.5.2 UNGROUNDED SYSTEMS.........................................................4-5
4.5.3 HIGH-IMPEDANCE GROUNDING...................................................4-5
4.6 GROUNDING REQUIREMENTS.........................................................4-6
4.7 GROUNDING ELECTRODE CONDUCTOR..................................................4-7
4.7.1 SIZING THE GROUNDING ELECTRODE CONDUCTOR...................................4-8
4.7.2 EXCEPTIONS TO NEC 250.6 6.................................................4-8
4.8 MAIN BONDING JUMPER............................................................4-9
4.9 SYSTEM WITH GROUNDED CONDUCTOR.................................................4-10
4.10 EQUIPMENT GROUNDING CONDUCTOR.................................................4-12
4.10.1 SIZING THE EQUIPMENT GROUNDING CONDUCTOR..................................4-12
4.10.2 SEPARATE EQUIPMENT GROUNDING CONDUCTORS...................................4-13
4.11 UNGROUNDED SYSTEMS............................................................4-13
4.12 GROUNDING A SEPARATELY DERIVED SYSTEM.........................................4-14
4.13 GROUNDING ELECTRODE SYSTEM....................................................4-15
4.14 GROUND-FAULT PROTECTION OF EQUIPMENT..........................................4-16
4.15 PERSONNEL PROTECTIVE GROUNDS..................................................4-16
4.15.1 PURPOSE OF PERSONNEL PROTECTIVE GROUNDS...................................4-16
4.1 5.2 CRITERIA FOR PERSONNEL PROTECTIVE GROUNDS...............................4-17
v
4.15.3 GROUNDING CLAMPS..........................................................4-18
4.15.4 SCREW-TIGHTENING DEVICES..................................................4-18
4.15.5 GROUNDING CABLE LENGTH....................................................4-18
4.15.6 GROUNDING CABLE CONNECTION................................................4-18
4.15.7 CONNECTING GROUNDING CABLES IN SEQUENCE...................................4-18
4.15.8 REMOVING PROTECTIVE GROUNDS...............................................4-18
4.15.9 PROTECTIVE APPAREL AND EQUIPMENT..........................................4-18
5.0 SPECIAL OCCUPANCIES............................................................5-1
5.1 EXPLOSIVES.....................................................................5-1
5.1.1 EVACUATION.................................................................5-1
5.1.2 SHUTDOWN OF OPERATIONS.....................................................5-1
5.1.3 LIGHTNING PROTECTION.......................................................5-1
5.1.4 STATIC ELECTRICITY.........................................................5-2
5.1.4.1 BONDING AND GROUNDING EQUIPMENT........................................5-2
5.1.4.2 TESTING EQUIPMENT GROUNDING SYSTEMS....................................5-2
5.1.4.3 CONDUCTIVE FLOORS, SHOES, MATS, AND WRISTBANDS.........................5-3
5.1.4.4 SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONDUCTIVE FLOORS AND WRISTBANDS....................5-3
5.1.4.5 CONDUCTIVE FLOOR TEST..................................................5-3
5.1.4.6 HUMIDIFICATION.........................................................5-4
5.1.4.7 GROUND-FAULT CIRCUIT INTERRUPTER.......................................5-5
5.1.5 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND WIRING............................................5-5
5.1.5.1 PERMANENT EQUIPMENT AND WIRING.........................................5-5
5.1.5.2 HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS....................................................5-5
5.1.5.3 ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEMS..............................................5-6
5.1.5.4 BUILDING SERVICE ENTRANCE..............................................5-7 5.1.6 TESTING....................................................................5-7 5.1.6.1 TEST SETUP.............................................................5-8
5.1.6.2 PIN SWITCHES AND OTHER NONINITIATING CIRCUITS..........................5-8
5.1.6.3 LIGHTNING STORMS.......................................................5-8
5.1.6.4 LOW-ENERGY ELECTROEXPLOSIVE DEVICES....................................5-8
5.1.6.5 WARNING SIGNALS........................................................5-11
5.1.6.6 FIRING LEADS...........................................................5-11
5.1.6.7 ELECTRICAL TESTING INSTRUMENTS FOR USE WITH EXPLOSIVES SYSTEMS.........5-11
5.1.6. 7.1 CLASSIFICATION...................................................5-11
5.1.6. 7.2 CERTIFICATION....................................................5-11
5.1.6. 7.3 ELECTRICAL TESTING INSTRUMENTS FOR USE WITH INITIATING ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS..............................................5-12
vi
5.1.6.7.4 ELECTRICAL TESTING INSTRUMENTS FOR USE WITH NONINITIATING ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS................................................5-12
5.2 PREVENTION OF EXTERNAL IGNITION AND EXPLOSION..................................5-12
5.2.1 SOURCES OF IGNITION........................................................5-13
5.2.2 COMBUSTION PRINCIPLES......................................................5-14
5.2.3 EVALUATION OF HAZARDOUS AREAS..............................................5-14
5.2.4 INTRINSICALLY SAFE EQUIPMENT...............................................5-14
5.2.5 ENCLOSURES.................................................................5-14
5.2.6 PURGING/PRESSURIZATION SYSTEMS.............................................5-16
5.3 HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS............................................................5-17
5.3.1 CLASS I....................................................................5-17
5.3.1.1 DIVISION 1.............................................................5-17
5.3.1.2 DIVISION 2.............................................................5-21 5.3.2 CLASS II...................................................................5-21
5.3.2.1 CLASS II DIVISION 1....................................................5-21
5.3.2.2 CLASS II DIVISION 2....................................................5-23 5.3.3 GROUPS.....................................................................5-23
5.3.4 IGNITION TEMPERATURE.......................................................5-23
5.3.5 FLAMMABLE (EXPLOSION) LIMITS...............................................5-23
5.3.6 FLASHPOINT.................................................................5-24
5.4 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT FOR CLASS I, II, AND III AREAS............................5-24
5.4.1 SEALS AND DRAINS...........................................................5-24
5.4.1.1 SEALS..................................................................5-24 5.4.1.2 DRAINS.................................................................5-25
5.4.1.3 SELECTION OF SEALS AND DRAINS..........................................5-25
5.4.1.3.1 PRIMARY CONSIDERATIONS.............................................5-25
5.4.1.3.2 TYPES OF SEALING FITTINGS..........................................5-26
5.5 MANUFACTURERS' DIGEST..........................................................5-26
5.6 DESCRIPTIONS, FEATURES, AND TEST CRITERIA OF ENCLOSURES FOR HAZARDOUS (CLASSIFIED) LOCATIONS (PER NEMA 250)..........................................5-27
5.7 TYPE 7 ENCLOSURES..............................................................5-27
5.7.1 DESCRIPTION AND APPLICATION................................................5-27
5.7.2 FEATURES AND TEST CRITERIA.................................................5-28
5.8 TYPE 8 ENCLOSURES..............................................................5-28
5.8.1 DESCRIPTION AND APPLICATION................................................5-28
5.8.2 FEATURES AND TEST CRITERIA.................................................5-28
5.9 TYPE 9 ENCLOSURES..............................................................5-29
5.9.1 DESCRIPTION AND APPLICATION................................................5-29
vii
5.9.2 FEATURES AND TEST CRITERIA.................................................5-29
5.10 UNDERGROUND FACILITIES........................................................5-29
5.10.1 WORK ON ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND CIRCUITS.................................5-30
5.10.2 GROUNDING.................................................................5-31
5.10.3 POWER CABLES AND CONDUCTORS...............................................5-31
5.10.4 TRAILING CABLES...........................................................5-32
5.10.5 TROLLEY CIRCUITS FOR TRACK HAULAGE........................................5-32
6.0 REQUIREMENTS FOR SPECIFIC EQUIPMENT...........................................6-1
6.1 CONVEYING SYSTEMS..............................................................6-1
6.1.1 ELECTRICAL DESIGN CRITERIA.................................................6-1
6.2 CRANES AND HOISTS..............................................................6-2
6.2.1 NEC GENERAL REQUIREMENTS...................................................6-2
6.2.2 DISCONNECTING MEANS........................................................6-3
6.26.2.3 GROUNDING..................................................................6-4 6.2.4 CONTROL....................................................................6-4 6.2.5 CLEARANCES.................................................................6-5
6.2.6 OSHA AND NEC REQUIREMENTS..................................................6-5
6.2.7 MAINTENANCE AND OPERATIONS.................................................6-5
6.2.8 DOCUMENTED MAINTENANCE.....................................................6-5
6.2.9 MECHANICAL ELEVATING AND ROTATING EQUIPMENT................................6-6
6.3 ELEVATORS AND ESCALATORS.......................................................6-7
66.3.1 CODES AND STANDARDS........................................................6-7
6.3.2 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS......................................................6-7
6.3.2.1 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT LIMITATIONS........................................6-7
6.3.2.2 CONDUCTORS.............................................................6-8
6.3.2.3 DISCONNECTING MEANS....................................................6-86.3.6.3.2.4 MOTORS.................................................................6-9
6.3.2.5 GROUNDING..............................................................6-9
6.3.2.6 OVERSPEED PROTECTION...................................................6-9
6.3.3 EMERGENCY POWER............................................................6-9
6.3.4 DESIGN.....................................................................6-9
6.3.5 FIRE PROTECTION............................................................6-10
6.3.6 INSPECTIONS AND RECORDS....................................................6-11
6.3.6.1 CODES..................................................................6-11
6.3.6.2 INSPECTOR QUALIFICATIONS...............................................6-11
6.4 PORTABLE AND VEHICLE-MOUNTED GENERATORS........................................6-11
6.5 BATTERIES......................................................................6-12
viii
6.5.1 SURROUNDING SPACE..........................................................6-12
6.5.2 LOCATION...................................................................6-12
6.5.3 VENTILATION................................................................6-12
6.5.4 CONDUIT....................................................................6-13
6.5.5 BATTERY ROOM...............................................................6-13
6.5.6 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT..............................................6-13
6.5.7 TOOLS......................................................................6-13
6.5.8 STORAGE BATTERIES AND BATTERY BANKS........................................6-14
6.5.8.1 TYPES OF HAZARDS.......................................................6-14
6.5.8.2 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION CRITERIA.......................................6-14
66.5.8.3 OPERATING CRITERIA.....................................................6-15
7.0 WORK IN EXCESS OF 600 VOLTS....................................................7-1
7.1 RESPONSIBILITIES FOR SAFETY....................................................7-1
7.1.1 WORKERS....................................................................7-1
7.1.2 SUPERVISORS................................................................7-2
7.2 TRAINING.......................................................................7-3
7.2.1 EMPLOYEE TRAINING..........................................................7-3
7.2.2 QUALIFIED EMPLOYEE TRAINING................................................7-3
7.3 JOB BRIEFINGS..................................................................7-3
7.4 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING..........................7-4
7.4.1 SHOES......................................................................7-4
7.4.2 HARDHATS...................................................................7-4
7.4.3 EYE PROTECTORS.............................................................7-5
7.4.5 METAL FASTENERS............................................................7-5
7.4.6 WORK GLOVES................................................................7-5
7.4.7 WORK CLOTHES...............................................................7-5
7.4.8 FIRE-RESISTANT (FR) CLOTHING...............................................7-5
7.4.8.1 GENERAL................................................................7-5
7.4.8.2 ELECTRIC ARC HAZARDS...................................................7-5
7.4.8.3 TYPES OF FIRE RESISTANT FABRICS........................................7-6
7.4.8.4 CLOTHING SYSTEMS.......................................................7-6
7.4.9 RUBBER GLOVES..............................................................7-6
7.4.10 RUBBER LINE HOSE, HOODS, COVERS, SLEEVES, AND BLANKETS....................7-7
7.4.11 LIVE LINE TOOLS...........................................................7-7
7.4.12 STOREROOM STORAGE.........................................................7-7
7.4.13 TRUCK STORAGE.............................................................7-7
7.4.14 PLACING OF INSULATING GOODS ON CONDUCTORS.................................7-8
ix
7.4.15 REMOVING INSULATING GOODS FROM CONDUCTORS.................................7-8
7.4.16 CLEANING AND INSPECTING...................................................7-8
7.5 PROTECTIVE GROUNDING OF LINES AND EQUIPMENT....................................7-8
7.5.1 PURPOSE....................................................................7-8
7.5.1.1 REDUCE THE POTENTIAL VOLTAGE DIFFERENCES ACROSS THE WORKER.............7-9
7.5.2 APPLICATION................................................................7-9
7.5.2.1 DEENERGIZED LINES......................................................7-9
7.5.2.2 NEW CONSTRUCTION OR DISMANTLING OF FACILITIES..........................7-10
7.5.2.3 MINIMUM APPROACH DISTANCE FROM UNGROUNDED CONDUCTORS...................7-10
7.5.2.4 VISIBLE THREE-PHASE SHORT AND GROUND REQUIRED..........................7-10
7.5.2.5 GROUND CIRCUIT.........................................................7-10
7.5.3 GROUNDING EQUIPMENT........................................................7-11
7.5.3.1 AVAILABILITY...........................................................7-11
7.5.3.2 APPROVED CAPACITY......................................................7-11
7.5.3.3 GROUNDING CABLES AND HARDWARE..........................................7-11
7.5.3.4 GROUNDING CABLES.......................................................7-11
7.5.3.4.1 STRANDING..........................................................7-11
7.5.3.4.2 JACKETS............................................................7-11
7.5.3.4.3 FERRULES...........................................................7-12
7.5.3.4.4 HANDLING OF GROUNDING CABLE........................................7-12
7.5.3.4.5 SIZE OF GROUNDING CABLE............................................7-12
7.5.3.4.6 GROUNDING CABLE LENGTH.............................................7-12
7.5.3.4.7 GROUNDING CLAMPS...................................................7-12
7.5.3.4.7.1 CLAMP TYPES....................................................7-12
7.5.3.4.7.2 CLAMP JAWS.....................................................7-13
7.5.3.4.8 GROUNDING CLUSTER BARS.............................................7-13
7.5.3.4.9 TEMPORARY GROUND RODS..............................................7-13
7.5.4 TESTING BEFORE INSTALLING GROUNDS..........................................7-14
7.5.5 ATTACHING AND REMOVING GROUNDS.............................................7-14
7.5.6.1 WORK LOCATION..........................................................7-14
7.5.6.3 OTHER LOCATIONS........................................................7-15
7.5.7 TESTING WITHOUT GROUNDS....................................................7-15
7.5.8 GROUND PERSONNEL...........................................................7-15
7.6 INSTALLING OR REMOVING CONDUCTORS..............................................7-15
7.6.1 WORKING ON ENERGIZED LINE OR EQUIPMENT.....................................7-15
7.6.2 STRINGING OR REMOVING DEENERGIZED CONDUCTORS...............................7-16
7.6.3 STRINGING ADJACENT TO ENERGIZED LINES......................................7-17 x
7.7 SPECIAL TOOLS..................................................................7-18
7.7.1 LINEWORKERS’ CLIMBING TOOLS................................................7-18
7.7.2 BODY BELTS AND SAFETY STRAPS...............................................7-18
7.7.3 TOOL BAG AND EQUIPMENT.....................................................7-19
7.7.4 TAPES AND RULERS...........................................................7-19
7.7.5 SPOON AND SHOVELS..........................................................7-19
7.7.6 PIKE POLES.................................................................7-20
7.7.7 HAND AXES AND SHARP TOOLS..................................................7-20
7.7.8 HANDLINES AND TAGLINES.....................................................7-20
7.8 TREE TRIMMING..................................................................7-20
7.8.1 CARE AND USE OF TOOLS......................................................7-20
7.8.2 CLIMBING...................................................................7-20
7.9 SERIES STREET-LIGHTING CIRCUITS AND APPARATUS..................................7-21
7.10 UNDERGROUND...................................................................7-21
7.10.1 WORKING IN MANHOLES, UTILITY TUNNELS, AND VAULTS..........................7-21
7.10.2 WORKING ON ENERGIZED UNDERGROUND CABLES...................................7-23
7.10.3 TERMINALS OF UNDERGROUND CABLES (POTHEADS)................................7-23
7.11 FERRO-RESONANCE...............................................................7-23
8.0 TEMPORARY WIRING...............................................................8-1
8.1 REQUIREMENTS AND INSTALLATION CONDITIONS OF USE................................8-1
8.1.1 CONTACT PREVENTION.........................................................8-1
8.1.2 VERTICAL CLEARANCES........................................................8-1
8.1.3 WET LOCATIONS..............................................................8-1
8.1.4 SUPPORTS...................................................................8-1
8.1.5 CONDUIT....................................................................8-2
8.1.6 LIGHTING...................................................................8-2
8.1.7 CONFINED SPACES............................................................8-2
8.1.8 EXPOSED SOCKETS AND BROKEN BULBS...........................................8-2
8.1.9 GROUND FAULT PROTECTION FOR PERSONNEL......................................8-2
8.1.10 WIRING METHODS............................................................8-2
8.1.10.1 SERVICE CONDUCTORS....................................................8-3
8.1.10.2 FEEDER CONDUCTORS.....................................................8-3
8.1.10.3 BRANCH CIRCUIT CONDUCTORS.............................................8-3
8.1.10.4 NONMETALLIC SHEATHED CABLE............................................8-3
8.2 USING ASSURED EQUIPMENT GROUNDING CONDUCTOR PROGRAM............................8-3
8.3 PORTABLE ELECTRICAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT........................................8-5
8.3.1 INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE.................................................8-5
xi
8.3.2 CONDITIONS OF USE..........................................................8-6
8.3.3 USE OF EXTENSION CORDS.....................................................8-6
8.3.4 DOUBLE INSULATED TOOLS.....................................................8-6
9.0 ENCLOSED ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT.....................................9-1
9.1 PURPOSE........................................................................9-1
9.2 SCOPE..........................................................................9-1
9.3 GROUNDING AND BONDING..........................................................9-1
9.3.1 OBJECTIONAL CURRENT OVER GROUNDING CONDUCTORS..............................9-1
9.3.2 EQUIPMENT GROUNDING CONDUCTOR..............................................9-2
9.3.3 ENCLOSURE GROUNDING AND BONDING............................................9-3
99.3.4 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS.....................................................9-5
9.4 RACK POWER DISTRIBUTION........................................................9-6
9.4.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS APPLYING TO ALL AC POWER EQUIPMENT WITHIN OR ATTACHED TO INSTRUMENT RACKS...............................................9-6
9.4.1.1 LOADS..................................................................9-6
9.4.1.2 OTHER GENERAL EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS...................................9-6
9.4.2 CONDUCTORS AND CABLES SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS................................9-6
9.4.2.1 FLEXIBLE CABLES........................................................9-7
9.4.2.2 STRAIN RELIEF..........................................................9-7
9.4.2.3 SEPARATION OF VOLTAGES.................................................9-7
9.4.2.4 OTHER CONCERNS.........................................................9-8
9.4.3 POWER SWITCHES AND INTERLOCK DEVICES SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS.................9-8
9.5 CHASSIS POWER DISTRIBUTION.....................................................9-8
9.5.1 AC POWER DISTRIBUTION......................................................9-8
9.5.1.1 CHASSIS BONDING AND GROUNDING..........................................9-8
9.5.1.2 CONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS, AND COUPLINGS.................................9-9
9.5.1.3 TERMINALS/LIVE PARTS...................................................9-10
9.5.2 DC POWER DISTRIBUTION......................................................9-10
9.6 PROTECTIVE DEVICES FOR ENCLOSED ELECTRICAL/ ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT...............9-10
9.6.1 SURGE ARRESTERS............................................................9-10
9.6.2 FUSES......................................................................9-11
9.6.3 CIRCUIT BREAKERS...........................................................9-11
9.6.4 POWER INTERLOCK DEVICES....................................................9-11
99.7 DISCONNECTING MEANS............................................................9-11 9.7.1 GENERAL....................................................................9-12
9.7.2 EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN.........................................................9-12
9.7.3 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS.....................................................9-12
xii
9.8 MARKING AND LABELING REQUIREMENTS..............................................9-13
9.8.1 GENERAL MARKING REQUIREMENTS...............................................9-13
9.8.2 HAZARD MARKING REQUIREMENTS................................................9-13
9.8.3 OTHER REQUIREMENTS.........................................................9-13
9.9 WORKING CLEARANCES.............................................................9-14
9.10 CABLE/UTILITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM...............................................9-15
9.10.1 USAGE WITH ENCLOSED ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT.......................9-15
9.10.2 REQUIREMENTS..............................................................9-16
9.11 ELECTRICAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR TESTER FACILITIES..........................9-17
9.11.1 AMPACITY OF FACILITY WIRING AND DISTRIBUTION EQUIPMENT....................9-17
9.11.2 FACILITY GROUNDING AT TEMPORARY OR REMOTE SITES...........................9-17
9.11.3 FACILITY LIGHTNING PROTECTION.............................................9-18
9.11.4 SURGE PROTECTION..........................................................9-18
9.12 ENCLOSED POWER ELECTRONICS....................................................9-18
9.12.1 ENCLOSURES..............................................................9-18
9.12.2 COMPONENT CLEARANCES......................................................9-18
9.12.3 INSTRUMENTATION...........................................................9-19
9.12.4 GENERAL...................................................................9-19
9.13 NON-IONIZING RADIATION........................................................9-20
9.13.1 ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION.................................................9-20
9.13.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION THREAT TO ELECTROEXPLOSIVE DEVICES..............9-20
10.0 RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT.......................................................10-1
10.1 PURPOSE.......................................................................10-1
10.2 SCOPE.........................................................................10-1
10.3 COMPLIANCE WITH OSHA..........................................................10-1
10.4 STANDARDIZED SAFETY PRACTICES AND PROCEDURES..................................10-2
10.5 EQUIPMENT NOT LISTED BY A NATIONALLY RECOGNIZED TESTING LABORATORY ...........10-2
10.5.1 HAZARDS...................................................................10-2
10.5.2 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION...................................................10-2
10.610.6 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE.....................................................10-4
10.7 EMPLOYEE QUALIFICATIONS.......................................................10-4 10.7.1 HAZARDS...................................................................10-4
10.7.2 ADDITIONAL QUALIFICATIONS.................................................10-4
10.8 GENERIC R&D EQUIPMENT.........................................................10-4
10.8.1 POWER SOURCES.............................................................10-5
10.8.1.1 HAZARDS...............................................................10-5
xiii
10.8.1.2 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION...............................................10-5
10.8.1.3 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE.............................................10-6
10.8.2 CONDITIONS OF LOW VOLTAGE AND HIGH CURRENT................................10-6
10.8.2.1 HAZARDS...............................................................10-6
10.8.2.2 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION...............................................10-7
10.8.2.3 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE.............................................10-8
10.8.3 CONDITIONS OF HIGH VOLTAGE AND LOW CURRENT................................10-8
10.8.3.1 HAZARDS...............................................................10-8
10.8.3.2 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS.................................................10-8
10.8.3.3 SAFETY PRACTICES......................................................10-9
10.8.4 RADIO-FREQUENCY/ MICROWAVE RADIATION AND FIELDS...........................10-9
10.8.4.1 HAZARDS...............................................................10-9
10.8.4.2 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION...............................................10-10
10.8.4.2.1 EXEMPTIONS FROM RFMW EXPOSURE LIMITS................................10-10
10.8.4.2.2 EXPOSURE CRITERIA FOR PULSED RFMW RADIATION.........................10-11
10.9 METHODS.......................................................................10-13
10.9.1 WIRING METHODS............................................................10-13
10.9.1.1 HAZARDS...............................................................10-13
10.9.1.2 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION...............................................10-14
10.9.1.2.1 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF EQUIPMENT............10-14
10.9.1.2.2 POWER SUPPLY INTERFACE BETWEEN UTILITY SYSTEMS AND R&D EQUIPMENT....10-14
10.9.1.3 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE.............................................10-15
10.9.2 UNCONVENTIONAL PRACTICES..................................................10-15
10.9.2.1 GROUNDING.............................................................10-15
10.9.2.1.1 HAZARDS.............................................................10-15
10.9.2.1.2 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION.............................................10-15
10.9.2.1.3 NOISE COUPLING MECHANISMS...........................................10-16
10.9.2.1.4 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE...........................................10-20
10.9.2.2 MATERIALS USED IN AN UNCONVENTIONAL MANNER............................10-21
10.9.2.2.1 HAZARDS...........................................................10-21
10.9.2.2.2 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION...........................................10-22
10.9.2.2.3 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE.........................................10-22
10.9.3 WORK ON ENERGIZED OR DE-ENERGIZED ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT....................10-23
10.10 REQUIREMENTS FOR SPECIFIC R&D EQUIPMENT......................................10-23
10.10.1 CAPACITORS...............................................................10-23
10.10.1.1 HAZARDS................................................................10-23
xiv
10.10.1.2 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION..............................................10-24
10.10.1.2.1 AUTOMATIC DISCHARGE DEVICES........................................10-24
10.10.1.2.2 SAFETY GROUNDING...................................................10-25
10.10.1.2.3 GROUND HOOKS.......................................................10-25
10.10.1.2.4 DISCHARGE EQUIPMENT WITH STORED ENERGY IN EXCESS OF 10 JOULES....10-25
10.10.1.2.5 FUSING...........................................................10-26
10.10.1.3 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE..........................................10-26
10.10.2 INDUCTORS................................................................10-27
10.10.2.1 HAZARDS..............................................................10-27
10.10.2.2 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION..............................................10-27
10.10.2.3 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE............................................10-28
10.10.3 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS AND CONNECTORS.....................................10-28
10.10.3.1 HAZARDS..............................................................10-28
10.10.3.2 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION..............................................10-29
10.10.3.3 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE............................................10-29
10.10.4 INDUCTION AND DIELECTRIC HEATING EQUIPMENT...............................10-29
10.10.4.1 HAZARDS..............................................................10-29
10.10.4.2 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION..............................................10-30
10.10.4.3 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE............................................10-30
10.10.5 LASERS AND X-RAY EQUIPMENT...............................................10-30
10.10.5.1 HAZARDS..............................................................10-30
11.0 ELECTRICAL SAFETY DURING EXCAVATIONS.......................................11-1
11.1 GENERAL.......................................................................11-1
11.2 REGULATIONS, CODES AND REFERENCES.............................................11-1
11.3 UTILITIES IDENTIFICATION......................................................11-2
11.3.1 CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT..................................................11-2
11.3.2. EXCAVATION PERMIT........................................................11-2
11.4 U11.4 UTILITIES VERIFICATION AND MARKING............................................11-3
11.4.1 FIELD LOCATION OF EXCAVATION BOUNDARIES...................................11-4
11.4.2 LOCATOR EQUIPMENT SELECTION AND LIMITATIONS...............................11-4
11.4.3 LOCATOR OPERATOR TRAINING.................................................11-6
11.4.4 FIELD MARKING OF IDENTIFIED UTILITIES.....................................11-6
11.5 UTILITIES DISPOSITION.........................................................11-7
11.6 WORK CONTROL DURING EXCAVATIONS...............................................11-7
11.6.1 SAFETY EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES...........................................11-7
11.7 THE EXCAVATION PROCESS........................................................11-8
xv
11.7.1 EXCAVATIONS IN CONCRETE WALLS AND SLABS...................................11-8
11.7.2 MACHINE OR HAND DIGGING...................................................11-8
11.7.3 WORKER PROTECTION.........................................................11-9
11.8 AS-BUILT DRAWINGS.............................................................11-9
12.0 REFERENCES........................................................................12-1
APPENDIX A DOE MODEL ELECTRICAL SAFETY PROGRAM.......................................A-1
APPENDIX B ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS..................................................B-1 B.1 ACRONYMS.........................................................................B-1 B.2 DEFINITIONS......................................................................B-3
DEFINITIONS APPLICABLE TO 29 CFR 1910 SUBPART S......................................B-3
DEFINITIONS APPLICABLE TO 29 CFR 1910.269............................................B-17
DEFINITIONS APPLICABLE TO 29 CFR 1926 SUBPART K......................................B-22
DEFINITIONS APPLICABLE TO 29 CFR 1926 SUBPART V......................................B-33
DEFINITIONS APPLICABLE TO SECTIONS 1 THROUGH 10......................................B-37
APPENDIX C WORK MATRICES – EXAMPLES..................................................C-1
APPENDIX D REGULATION MATRICES.......................................................D-1
xvi
Contents | Introduction | General Requirements | Electrical Preventative Maintenance | Grounding | Special Occupancies
Requirements for Specific Equipment | Work in Excess of 600 Volts | Temporary Wiring | Enclosed Electrical / Electronic Equipment
Research & Development | Electrical Safety During Excavations | References |
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Available on the Department of Energy Technical Standards Program Web site at
http://tis.eh.doe.gov/techstds     DOE-HDBK-1092-2004
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RF Cafe began life in 1996 as "RF Tools" in an AOL screen name web space totaling 2 MB. Its primary purpose was to provide me with ready access to commonly needed formulas and reference material while performing my work as an RF system and circuit design engineer. The World Wide Web (Internet) was largely an unknown entity at the time and bandwidth was a scarce commodity. Dial-up modems blazed along at 14.4 kbps while typing up your telephone line, and a nice lady's voice announced "You've Got Mail" when a new message arrived...

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