
Reprinted with permission.Could IBM's Watson Make
Experts Obsolete? By Robert Ambrogi BullsEye: April
2011IMS ExpertServices™ is the legal industry's premier full-service expert witness provider.
When IBM's Watson beat two human challengers to win the TV quiz show Jeopardy!, a collective
"Wow!" was heard at just how far artificial intelligence has developed. The show required Watson
not merely to answer questions, but to process clues presented in the form of answers and give
the correct response in the form of a question, all within milliseconds. Watson barely
had a chance to savor its victory before speculators of all sorts began to ask, "What will it
do next?" Members of the legal profession were no exception, offering predictions of how Watson
could be used for everything from legal research to e-discovery, and even suggesting that Watson's
offspring could someday serve as stand-ins for judges and lawyers.

Robert J. Ambrogi is a Massachusetts lawyer who represents clients at the intersection
of law, media and technology. A news media veteran, he is the only person ever to hold the
top editorial positions at the two leading national U.S. legal newspapers, the National
Law Journal and Lawyers Weekly USA. He is also internationally known for his writing
and blogging about the Internet and technology. |
If Watson were ever to find a place in the courtroom, wouldn't it most likely be as a witness?
After all, IBM built Watson as a demonstration of its DeepQA software. "QA" is for "question
answering" and that is how IBM describes Watson – as "a system designed for answers."
Not only does Watson provide answers but it does so by processing a vast amount of "knowledge"
at an amazing speed. In one second, Watson can process information equal to that contained in
one million books. More than simply a witness, then, Watson would seem to have the credentials
to serve as an expert witness. With its ability to process and master reams of complex information
and to answer complex queries in seconds, is it far-fetched to imagine Watson's now-familiar
blue avatar someday sitting on the witness stand? Watson in the Courtroom
The idea that Watson could someday play a role in the legal system comes not from the lunatic
fringe but from IBM's senior vice president for legal and regulatory affairs, Robert C. Weber.
"At IBM, we're just starting to explore how DeepQA can be harnessed by lawyers," Weber
wrote recently in The National Law Journal. "Imagine a new kind of legal research
system that can gather much of the information you need to do your job — a digital associate,
if you will," Weber wrote. "With the technology underlying Watson, called DeepQA, you could
have a vast, self-contained database loaded with all of the internal and external information
related to your daily tasks, whether you're preparing for litigation, protecting intellectual
property, writing contracts or negotiating an acquisition." Watson could even have a
role to play in the courtroom, Weber suggested. It could serve as a real-time fact checker,
providing on-the-spot verification of statements made by witnesses. While Weber did not say
that Watson could itself be a witness, he did touch on why it would do well in the role.
"Pose a question," he wrote, "and, in milliseconds, DeepQA can analyze hundreds of millions
of pages of content and mine them for facts and conclusions — in about the time it takes to
answer a question on a quiz show." Other observers conjecture that computers could someday
conduct trials entirely on their own, without human involvement. "Imagine a robot judge accepting
filings from robot prosecutors and robot defense attorneys," says Randall Parker at the blog
FuturePundit. "The debates in many cases would proceed at speeds too fast for humans to follow."
In a sense, computers are already replacing lawyers. A
recent New
York Times article caught the attention of many in the legal profession with the headline,
"Armies of Expensive Lawyers, Replaced by Cheaper Software." The article documented the increasing
use of artificial intelligence in e-discovery, where software is employed to sift through enormous
archives of digital data in search of relevant evidence. Watson as an Expert
Witness? Is it only a matter of time, then, before Watson becomes an expert witness?
Some lawyers say the day has already come when computers testify in court, albeit with the
help of a human intermediary. "There is an argument that they already do," says David Donoghue,
a litigation partner at Holland & Knight in Chicago, "although a human representative in
the form of an expert witness presents the information." Donoghue does not believe computers
will ever testify directly, without that human intermediary. "At a minimum, courts will likely
want a person to testify about the computer, its methodology and its reliability. Otherwise,
jurors might take a computer's results as incontestable fact, despite the fact that computers
can be programmed with bias." There might also be procedural hurdles to overcome before
computers could ever become witnesses in court. To start with, some say, courts would have to
amend their rules of procedure to allow non-human witnesses. But would they? On their
face, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure do not specify that a witness at trial must be a
human. They do say that a deposition may be taken only of "a person." But as to trial testimony,
the rules refer generically to "witnesses," with no mention of flesh and bones. Assuming
some clever lawyer could convince a judge that Watson met the definition of a witness, the next
hurdle would be the need to administer the oath. "Since testifying means 'to bear witness'
and solemnly attest as to the truth of a matter, one would imagine computers would first need
to reach a point of acknowledged moral capacity or legal responsibility," says Marc Lauritsen,
a lawyer who is CEO of Capstone Practice Systems and author of the 2010 ABA book, The Lawyer's
Guide to Working Smarter with Knowledge Tools. But Lauritsen, who has long studied the
use of artificial intelligence in the legal profession, says that the ability of computers to
have the requisite capacity "is not far off." He points to the popular writings of futurist
Ray Kurzweil, whose 1998 book, The Age of Spiritual Machines, predicted that computers would
someday rival the full range of human intelligence, and whose subsequent book, The Singularity
is Near, speculates on the eventual merging of human intelligence and computer technology.
Big on Cost, Low on Personality Even assuming that one could overcome
the legal hurdles to having a computer as an expert witness, there remain other obstacles standing
in the way. A very big one would be the cost. Watson is no ordinary computer. If an off-the-shelf
laptop attempted to stand in for Watson, it would take at least two hours to answer a question
that Watson can field in just seconds, IBM says. As a matter of fact, Watson is actually
not even a single computer. Rather, it is a cluster of 90 of IBM's most powerful servers running
a total of 2,880 processor cores and 16 terabytes of RAM. It took a team of 20 IBM engineers
more than three years to build Watson, at a cost of many millions of dollars. Apart from
prohibitive cost, there is the problem of Watson's rather one-dimensional personality. Granted,
a computer could do a good job of explaining complex scientific and technical concepts. But
could it ever do so in a style that jurors would find compelling and engaging? "A good
expert witness must also be interesting, keep the jury's attention, and have some emotion or
passion about the case," says Bradley Shafer, a labor and employment attorney at the West Virginia
firm Swartz Campbell. "This is something beyond artificial intelligence." And what about
credibility calls? Without personality or emotion, how would judges and juries evaluate conflicts
in testimony when opposing Watsons disagree with one another? "The possible future situation
where one side in a legal trial presents the testimony of Computer A and the other side presents
conflicting testimony of Computer B, will not be worse than the present situation where conflicting
human experts compete on the basis of appearance, personality, persuasiveness, friendliness
and good eye contact," observes Los Angeles attorney David Phipps. Obsolescence
Unlikely for Humans as Experts In his National Law Journal article on the future
of artificial intelligence in the legal profession, IBM's Robert Weber says Watson could never
really replace lawyers. "After all, the essence of good lawyering is mature and sound reasoning,
and there's simply no way a machine can match the knowledge and ability to reason of a smart,
well-educated and deeply experienced human being." The same can be said about expert
witnesses. To paraphrase Weber, no machine could ever match the knowledge and insight of a well-educated
and highly experienced expert witness. Of course, humans do have their flaws as witnesses.
Their testimony can sometimes be colored by bias or even tainted by dishonesty. At least if
computers become witnesses, they could never tell a lie. Right HAL 9000?
This article was originally published in
BullsEye,
a newsletter distributed by IMS
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Posted April 12, 2011 |