Thursday 15
Even after tens of millions of its citizens
have 'migrated' here to the U.S. and continue to receive virtually unlimited social
welfare and education privileges, the Mexico
Instituto Federal de Telecomunicaciones still does not extend
reciprocal operating privileges to U.S. Hams within its borders. Just as Mexico
enforces a severe policy of keeping non-citizens out of its country, it has built
a virtual wall to keep non-citizen amateur radio operators from plying their craft
there. What a crock
...
"Allowing mobile devices to charge within
minutes remains a Holy Grail of sorts for energy storage researchers. Now a team
of scientists at the University of Central Florida (UCF) is that much closer to
achieving this milestone with the development of
flexible supercapacitors that can store more energy than typical
batteries and be charged tens of thousands of times without degrading. The team
from the university's NanoScience Technology Center advocates
..."
Skyworks has a pretty nice article in the
December 2016 issue of Microwave & RF magazine titled
Front-End Modules Make Smart Connections for IoT. "The basic idea
of the Internet of Things (IoT) may seem simple: wireless communications between
sensors and the Internet. But for engineers faced with designing its component parts,
such a simple description is much less than the tip of the iceberg. Challenges are
presented by every component within an IoT product, the software that enables it,
and
..."
"Canada's telecoms regulator
Innovation, Science, and Economic Development Canada (ISED) —
formerly Industry Canada (IC) — has issued a revised version of the Radiocommunication
Information Circular 3 (RIC-3), 'Information on the Amateur Radio Service,' replacing
the previous 2005 version. According to ISED, RICs are issued for the guidance of
those engaged in radiocommunications in Canada, and the information they contain
is subject to change without notice. 'Radio Amateurs of Canada (RAC)
..."
No, it's not an insect. "In a paper published
in Nano Letters, a team of researchers from the Australian National University (ANU)
are revealing a new way to fabricate
nanoantennas so as to be able to lay them evenly on top of a transparent
glass substrate. This new feat, they explain in the paper 'Nonlinear Generation
of Vector Beams From AlGaAs Nanoantennas,' makes it possible to observe and characterize
the nanoantennas' behaviour with respect to different light frequencies shone at
them
..."
"Japan launched a cargo ship Friday bound
for the International Space Station, carrying a 'space junk' collector that was made with the help of a fishnet
company. The vessel, dubbed "Kounotori" (stork in Japanese),
blasted off from the southern island of Tanegashima attached to an H-IIB rocket.
Scientists at the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) are experimenting with
a tether to pull junk out of orbit around Earth, clearing up tonnes of space clutter
including cast-off equipment
..."
Wednesday 14
Your patient indulgence is appreciated once
again as I post notice of these three additional Radio Service Data Sheets from
the November 1935 issue of Radio-Craft magazine. Google and Bing (the only
two search engines that count) scan the RF Cafe homepage hourly for new content,
so putting the hyperlinked text here expedites their registration in the search
databases. There's no better way to get your company news noticed than to have it
appear here, BTW.
Atwater Kent Model 649 All-Wave,
Howard Model G-26, and "Airplane 4" Model AA25, and
Stewart-Warner "Ferrodyne" Chassis Model R-136
"With a nod to Wi-Fi calling, the U.S. Dept.
of Transportation (DOT) is taking comments on a proposal to regulate voice calls
on passengers' mobile devices on flights to, from and within the United States.
The DOT notes that the FCC currently prohibits the use of certain commercial mobile
bands onboard aircraft, but that ban does not cover
Wi-Fi and other means by which it is possible to make voice calls.
In 2013, the FCC proposed lifting its existing ban, so long as certain conditions
..."
CoreHW, located in Tampere,
Finland, is a fabless RFIC Design
Service Company, developing state-of-the-art RF integrated circuits to customers
worldwide. CoreHW is focused in the development of advanced integrated circuits
for wireless data transmission, sensor interfaces and space applications. CoreHW
offers high quality full custom RFs, analog and mixed-signal IC Design Services,
IPs and ASIC Solutions with cutting edge performance for semiconductor products. +358-50-4667350
Decades from now, readers will look back at
today's science magazines reporting on topics such as breakthroughs on quantum computing
and quantum entanglement the way we now look back at articles from the middle to
latter half of the last century, and be amazed at how the understanding and exploitation
of various technologies was just getting started. This particular piece on quantum
device is not at all related to the two aforementioned topics; rather, it introduces
the concept of
discrete (quantum) energy levels of atomic electron orbitals and
how they determine photon absorption
...
"oneM2M, the global standards partnership for Machine-to-Machine
(M2M) communications and the Internet of Things (IoT), has revealed its standards
are being used by a number of independent open source foundations and projects,
in addition to commercial deployments, as the industry looks to accelerate take
up of IoT products and platforms. Several open source foundations and projects have
been actively using oneM2M standards in various applications and services since
..."
"Europe's Global satellite navigation system
is all set to go live this Thursday. Seventeen years and more than €10B ($11B) later,
Europe's
Galileo satnav system promises to outperform U.S. and Russian
rivals while boosting regional self-reliance. Initial services will be free to use
worldwide on smartphones and navigation boxes fitted with Galileo-compatible microchips.
Some devices may only need a software update to start using the new technology,
as several smartphone companies were
..."
Tuesday 13
"Scientists have developed liquid-like
thermoelectric (TE) materials that can be painted on almost any
surface. This new technology can convert exhaust heat into electricity for vehicles
and other applications. These newly developed materials are both shape-engineerable
and geometrically compatible in that they can be directly brush-painted on almost
any surface. The thermoelectric effect is the direct conversion of temperature differences
to electric voltage and vice versa. This effect can be used either for heating or
for cooling
..."
announces the latest release in its line of standalone test and measurement
modules, the P620 Resistance Simulator. The P620 includes six independent,
isolated channels that can simulate platinum RTDs and resistances ranging from 5 Ω
to 5 MΩ. It uses entirely solid-state simulation to eliminate transient
errors associated with relay switching and provides for monotonic resistance changes.
Any channel may be rerouted, under software
Halli(gan)
and (hand)crafters was founded
in Chicago in 1932 by
William J. Halligan. The company designed and manufactured radio
equipment for hobby, commercial, and military applications and quickly became very
popular amongst their users. As was customary for U.S. businesses, Hallicrafters
ran a Christmas advertisement in the January issue of magazines where they appeared.
The January edition, as is common even now, is typically mailed in early December,
getting it in the hands of readers in time
...
Aethercomm, Inc., a leading edge RF amplifier design and manufacturing firm is
seeking a strategic engineering leader. The Chief Technology Officer must have excellent
people management skills and exceptional leadership skills to mentor engineers in
a high growth, very dynamic environment. Must have Technical expertise is all aspects
of RF and Microwave design. With emphasis on RF amplifiers, microwave substrates,
microwave circuits, from VHF to 40 GHz ...
"Physicists of the University of Würzburg
have made an astonishing discovery in a specific type of
topological insulators. The effect is due to the structure of
the materials used. The researchers have now published their work in the journal
Science. Topological insulators are currently the hot topic in physics according
to the newspaper Neue Zürcher Zeitung. Only a few weeks ago, their importance was
highlighted again as the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm awarded
this year's Nobel Prize in Physics to three British
..."
The 15 Most Downloaded eBooks of 2016 list
has arrived. Check out the free eBooks from top publishers, including: MakeUseOf,
Sitepoint, Free Management eBooks, and Business Management Daily and request your
favorites. Titles include
JavaScript: Novice to Ninja, Introduction to
Linux - A Hands on Guide,
Microsoft Excel 2016 -- Quick Reference Guide,
Overcoming Procrastination - Productivity Skills, and
...
Monday 12
"The U.S. Department of Transportation's
National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration (NHTSA) has issued proposed guidelines
that it says will help to reduce accidents and fatalities attributable to distracted
driving. Issued just prior to the Thanksgiving holiday, the voluntary guidance calls
on electronics manufacturers to modify their devices to include a 'driver mode' that would block certain features and applications
from being accessed by a driver when a vehicle is in motion. Regulators see the
recommended modification as similar to the 'airplane mode' feature
..."
Before silicon and germanium semiconductors
came online for use as diode rectifiers, selenium was the material du jour.
Selenium devices were widely adopted for use as bridge rectifiers
in power supplies and as detectors in AM radios, where applicable, in place of vacuum
tubes. At the time, they were not particularly cheaper to implement, but there was
an advantage in greater ruggedness, longer lifetime, and lower power consumption
(no heater element or high bias voltage required). Electronics magazines of the
era published many articles
...
"The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG)
has officially announced the adoption of
Bluetooth 5 as the latest version of the Bluetooth core specification.
Key updates to Bluetooth 5 include longer range, faster speed, and larger broadcast
message capacity, as well as improved interoperability and coexistence with other
wireless technologies. Bluetooth 5 will continue to advance the Internet of Things
(IoT) experience by enabling simple and effortless interactions across a vast range
of connected
..."
"Vigorous M&A activity in 2015 and 2016
has reshaped the landscape of the
semiconductor industry, with the top companies now controlling
a much greater percentage of market share. Not including foundries, IC Insights
forecasts to top five semiconductor suppliers - Intel, Samsung, Qualcomm, Broadcom,
and SK Hynix - will account for 41% market share in 2016. This represents a 9-point
increase
..."
For the sake of avid
cruciverbalists amongst us, each week I create a new crossword
puzzle that has a theme related to engineering, mathematics, chemistry, physics,
and other technical words. You will never be asked the name of a movie star unless
he/she was involved in a technical endeavor (e.g., Hedy Lamar).
Enjoy
...
Friday 9
Each month, Radio-Craft magazine
ran a feature titled "In Review," which covered a variety of late-breaking news
topics related to communications. Most of the time the focus was on wireless advances,
but occasionally, as in the November 1939 issue, you would see things like a huge
public address & music system installation at Union Station or a flash about
Nazi control over radio broadcasts. Modern news publications follow the same template
with round-up type articles. The up and coming
frequency modulation (FM) scheme leads here, followed by the wonders
of facsimile machines that transmit "facsy" formatted news to remote offices
...
"The Pentagon's soon-to-be published
Electronic
Warfare strategy calls for increased investment in advanced electronic warfare
technology designed to defend U.S. assets and proactively use the electromagnetic
spectrum to attack enemies. A key part of the calculus for this strategy will be
to integrate new EW technologies with existing Army, Navy and Air Force emerging
EW weapons. This includes developing EW systems such as the Navy's Next Generation
Jammer, Army vehicle-mounted EW and Air Force
..."
"Remember gadgets? They were little electronic
things that did stuff for you. They would play music or record videos or give you
directions or let you play games on the go. They were fun. Everyone had them. Everyone
wanted them. There were whole magazines and websites and even TV shows devoted to
them. For 30 or 40 years, through recessions and war, through stability and revolutions,
they were always there, one
gadget after another, from transistor radios to
..."
Is Russia in the wrong place on Earth or what? Yet another massive meteor
(bolide) streaked cross the Khakassia sky, but cause no
damage, unlike the Chelyabinsk superbolide in 2013 that shattered windows and injured
nearly 1,500 people. The world's Near Earth Objects sentinel systems never saw this one - or the
other one - coming. The Chicxulub crater on the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico is postulated
to have been caused by the impact of a 10 km diameter asteroid with an energy
of 420 zettajoules. Its age of 65 million years coincides with the time dinosaurs
disappeared from Earth. The next big event is overdue.
Thursday 8
"The Wireless Innovation Forum announced
today member approval and public availability of its Spectrum Sharing Committee's
(SSC) highly anticipated signaling protocols and procedures to be used in the U.S.
3.5 GHz Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) band for the Spectrum
Access System (SAS) – Citizens Radio Broadband Service Device (CBSD) and 'Spectrum
Access System (SAS) – SAS' Interfaces. These standards are the first of their kind
addressing the new FCC Part 96 rules for CBRS. Publication of
..."
Typical stupid news media people: "UK telecoms
regulator Ofcom has declined to act on formal complaints about an October 27 episode
of the Channel 5 television program
Nightmare Neighbour Next Door (S05E08
not currently available). That episode focused on 75-year-old Armando
Martins, M0PAM, of Kent, whose neighbors had made unsubstantiated claims that RF
radiating from his 30-foot vertical antenna was detrimental to their health. The
Radio Society of Great Britain weighed in following the
airing of the show. Radio amateurs across the UK also complained that the program
episode was replete with false claims and pointed
..."
"A two-dimensional metal oxide material called
titanate nanosheets has remained pretty much off the radar of
flatland materials expected to transform the worlds of electronics and optoelectronics.
Its biggest claim to fame has been that it is pretty effective at cleaning up contaminants.
However, it would seem that titanate nanosheets history of being overlooked in the
catalogue of 2D materials may
..."
This was the front page of The Erie Daily
News on the morning after the
Pearl
Harbor attack. The news stunned everyone. Emergency measures were implemented
nationwide. Amateur radio operators had their transmission privileges curtailed
immediately, similar to restrictions during WWI. Just as President Woodrow Wilson
issued an executive order prohibiting unauthorized transmissions by amateurs, President
Roosevelt had the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ban the radio transmissions
of Hams. The fear
...
"The secret to improved electrical circuits
has become something of a holy grail in recent years. As technology has evolved
to be smaller and more adaptable, so too has the need for versatile electrical circuits
that can bend with designs while still retaining speed and efficiency. And after
many false starts and errors, it looks like scientists have finally found a way
to create the speedy electrical circuits our technology so badly
..."
Wednesday 7
Nearly every week I create and publish a
crossword puzzle filled with words and clues all of which are
relevant to the realms of engineering, science, mathematics, chemistry, mechanics,
optics, communications, amateur radio, etc. It is rare to find a crossword puzzle
that contains no 'filler' type words used just for the sake of being able to construct
a puzzle. I use software that takes my custom-built dictionary of a few thousand
words and definitions, and fits them to grids that I create
...
NASA, DoD, and other federal government functions'
budgeted monies have been diverted to AGW projects while starving legitimate needs
to fulfill original charter responsibilities. For instance, the Navy is forced to
buy $25/gallon
biofuels for some fleet operations. The Army
must build expensive 'green'
electric power s sources for its installation. Meanwhile, funds
to replace battle-worn components are scarce and veteran health care is notoriously
atrocious. This Space Daily article touches on the potential changes to
come under new executive-level administration
...
"The Navy is modernizing its destroyers and
cruisers with Aegis technology equipped with new multi-mission signal processors,
kill assessment systems, and radio frequency upgrades, service officials said. The
upgrades are part of an intense effort to arm the fleet of destroyers and cruisers
with modernized
Aegis radar technologies to help the ships better attack adversaries
and defend themselves from enemy missiles. Aegis radar, a technology now on destroyers
and cruisers, provides terminal phase ballistic missile defense and an ability to
knock ..."
Companies
like Saelig
that advertise on RF Cafe are responsible for its existence. 3rd-party ads from
Google and GlobalSpec provide a pretty good income, but I much prefer serving private
ads because #1: I totally control the content (to make sure
it is relevant) and #2: my GIF files are much smaller and serve much faster
than the 3rd-party ads. Saelig sells and supports a wide range of electronic control
and instrumentation equipment and components to customers ranging from Fortune 500
industrial users, military, educational institutions and hospitals to individual
end-users ...
There are now 156 Radio Service Data Sheets
in the archive, all of which were scanned and cleaned up from issues of vintage
electronics magazines like Radio-Craft, Radio & Television News,
etc. Equipment manufacturers generally only made this information available to certified
service shops, so the availability of these was of great value to both hobbyists
and repair shop owners.
American-Bosch Model 43OT,
Montgomery Ward "Airline" Series 7GM,
RCA Victor Model C9-4, and
RCA Victor Model T5-2
"Physicists should finally be able to rid
themselves of the cumbersome and inaccurate definition of the ampere. That is the
claim of metrologists in Germany, who have measured electrical current by counting
single electrons travelling along a microscopic wire. The researchers
say that their technique will allow scientists in a number of different disciplines
to make better measurements of tiny currents. The move to revamp the ampere is
..."
Tuesday 6
"Canon is helping Japan build a low-cost "mini-rocket"
for future
satellite launches as private companies seek to give the country's
lagging space industry greater thrust. Engineers from Canon Electronics, a unit
of the Japanese imaging devices maker, have joined a team led by the Japan Aerospace
Exploration Agency, or JAXA, that is building what stands to be the world's smallest
satellite launch vehicle -- about the size of a utility pole. The company's
..."
This installment of
Mac's Radio Service Shop could stand alone as a chapter in
a troubleshooting manual for vacuum tube radios. John Frye's (or a trusty consultant's)
knowledge of circuit operation is abundantly clear here. Recall that Mr. Frye later
authored the Carl & Jerry teenage techno-sleuth series in the next
decade. A couple things stood out to me. The first is the heretofore unfamiliar
phrase "play hob with," which means to cause trouble for. The second is mention
of a metal tuning dial indicator needle
...
Empower
RF Systems is a global leader in power amplifier solutions. Products include
high power RF amplifier modules, amplifier systems, and custom designed amplifiers.
Investments in both hardware and software engineering
are yielding next generation products with significant size, weight, and interface
functionality advantages over legacy products in the market
...
"Jet fighter experts at the Boeing Co. will
upgrade 71 U.S. Air Force F-15 combat jets with new
radar under terms of a half-billion-dollar order announced Wednesday.
Officials of the Air Force Life Cycle Management Center at Wright-Patterson Air
Force Base, Ohio, awarded a $558.5M contract modification to the Boeing Defense,
Space & Security segment in St. Louis to install the upgraded radar systems
on Air Force F-15C/D jet
..."
"Graphene is a pure conductor, just like
a metal, which has led researchers to examine applications like antennas to see
if graphene could serve as a replacement. Along this line of inquiry, researchers
at the National Research Council Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity
(CNR-ISOF) in Italy, which is part of Europe's Graphene Flagship, have developed
a
graphene-based near-field communication (NFC) antenna. Unlike
today's NFC antennas their devices are flexible and have greater
..."
Monday 5
"Both CTIA and the Competitive Carriers Association
are coming out against Boeing's proposal to operate a non-geostationary satellite
orbit (NGSO) system in the 37.5-42, 47.2-50.2 and 50.4-51.4 GHz bands, saying it
threatens spectrum for terrestrial 5G operators. Boeing filed an application last
summer with the FCC to launch and operate an NGSO fixed satellite service (FSS)
system operating in low Earth orbit (LEO) in the 37.5-42.5 GHz, 47.2-50.2
..."
"While graphene may be losing its luster
in the field of digital electronics because of its lack of an inherent band gap,
in the world of optoelectronics graphene's gapless band structure seems to be winning
a new set of acolytes. This is seen no more keenly than in photodetectors, where
graphene is enabling near-terahertz-speed photodetectors that
are more energy efficient. Now, researchers at the Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of
Science and Technology (DGIST)
..."
"A
diamond battery made from nuclear waste could last more than 5,000
Years. The man-made diamond produces a charge simply by being placed in close proximity
to a radioactive source. There are no moving parts and no emissions involved and
no maintenance is needed. The researchers created a prototype 'diamond battery'
using radioactive isotope Nickel-63 as the radiation source. They are now working
on improving the efficiency of the battery. To do this, they are using carbon-14,
a radioactive version
..."
"Merry Christmas!" We're now saying it for
the first time in a long time without concern for verbal reprisal by hateful, bigoted
fanatics, emboldened by government thought police. But, I digress. Here is a 2-page
advertisement run by the
E.F. Johnson company in the December 1953 issue of the ARRL's
QST magazine. E.F. Johnson was a major player in amateur radio, and
then later Citizens Band (CB) radio. They also manufactured a large array of point-to-point
commercial radio products (Land Mobile Radio
...
Physicists in Japan have developed a new
kind of compact gravitational-wave detector that works by measuring the tiny rotations
of two suspended blocks of aluminum. A far cheaper alternative to the more conventional
interferometer-based devices, this "torsion-bar antenna" could plug a gap in the gravitational-wave
spectrum – between the high-frequency waves observable today from the ground and
the lower-frequency radiation potentially
...
Take a break from the daily grind to work
this week's RF
Engineering-themed crossword puzzle. All the words are pulled
from a hand-built list of terms, names, and abbreviations that have only to do with
science, mathematics, and engineering. If you want a crossword with names of movie
stars and obscure countries, try the local newspaper. Go ahead and print out this
page on real paper, grab a pencil or pen, and do it the old fashioned way
...
Friday 2
"FCC Special Counsel Laura Smith told a standing-room-only audience
at the ARRL Pacific Division Convention in October that, despite FCC cutbacks, Amateur
Radio enforcement will not be compromised. Smith spoke for nearly an hour and a
half on a variety of FCC issues related to Amateur Radio, and the entire presentation
is available on YouTube, thanks to Bob Miller, WB6KWT, and his son Robert
..."
Anatech Electronics offers the industry's largest portfolio of high-performance
standard and customized RF and microwave filters and filter-related products for military,
commercial, aerospace and defense, and industrial applications up to 40 GHz.
Anatech has introduced 3 new filter designs: a 4,675 MHz cavity bandpass filter
with SMA connectors, a 782/751 MHz surface mount ceramic duplexer filter, and
a 987.5 MHz cavity bandpass filter
"There are all kinds of creative ways of
dealing with rogue drones: Radio jamming. Other drones with nets. Trained eagles.
None of these are really designed to handle military drones, however, and large,
fast-moving UAVs are still a potential threat, especially if more than one is coming
at you at once. It's no surprise that the U.S. Army has been developing solutions
for this potential threat— we're not sure what they're working on now, but as of
late 2013, Raytheon was successfully testing a long range, high power
directed microwave weapon capable of taking out
..."
Designing, building, and tuning
low frequency filters is much easier for the person without a
professional grade suite of software, fabrication, and test equipment than is RF
/ microwave frequency filters. Most of my design and integration work has been with
system level transmit and receive racks for radar and satellite earth station installations,
and typically for prototyping and/or very low quantity production. Accordingly,
I used connectorized components cascaded together where each functional block was
predefined and tested. I would be handed a system input/output document that specified
parameters for gain, phase noise
...
"Nearly 70 years ago, two physicists at Bell
Telephone Laboratories—John Bardeen and Walter Brattain—pressed two thin gold contacts
into a slab of
germanium and made a third contact on the bottom of the slab.
The flow of current through this configuration could be used to turn a small signal
into a larger one. The result was the first transistor—the amplifier and switch
that was, arguably, the greatest invention of the 20th century. Thanks to Moore's
Law, the transistor has delivered computers far beyond anything thought
..."
Thursday 1
"One of the biggest question marks remaining
for the DDG 1000
USS Zumwalt is whether its radar and missile systems will work as redesigned
and radar manufacturer Raytheon is wasting no time in making sure its sensor meets
U.S. Navy needs. The ship is slated to test and certify its combat system after
it arrives later this year in its homeport of San Diego. But Raytheon officials
say ..."
Saelig's
huge Cyber Week sale runs through
Sunday, so don't forget to check them out for great prices on test equipment.
"The Zavod Electromash plant in the Russian
city of Nizhny Novgorod has created a unique stealth robotic system capable of detecting
unmanned aerial vehicles, Zavod Electromash spokesman Valery Pyatkin told Sputnik.
In an interview with Sputnik, Valery Pyatkin, spokesman for the Nizhny Novgorod-based
Zavod Electromash plant, said that they had developed an advanced stealth robotic
system capable of
detecting reconnaissance and attack drones. The mobile optical-radar,
non-emitting complex is due to enter service at
..."
"The
technosphere is a major new phenomenon of this planet – and one
that is evolving extraordinarily rapidly" – Professor Mark Williams, University
of Leicester An international team led by University of Leicester geologists has
made the first estimate of the sheer size of the physical structure of the planet's
technosphere – suggesting that its mass approximates to an enormous 30 trillion
tons. The technosphere is comprised of all of the structures
..."
The Christmas holiday season is here officially
now that Thanksgiving is over. When deciding which articles from vintage electronic
magazines to post, I always try to pick a few that pertain to specific holidays,
like Christmas, Independence Day, Halloween, etc. Many companies ran advertisements
- often full-page - in QST, Radio News, Electronics World,
etc. Here is one by the
Kenton Transformer Company, of New York, New York. Interestingly,
it alludes to the military buildup
...
We are seeking a talented RF/Analog Design Engineer
with a solid understanding of satellite communications systems, with an emphasis
on RF and analog designs. The position is in San Diego, California. Relocation assistance
is available. Responsible for all aspects of the RF and analog detailed design and
development, including: system and module level design and definition, schematic
capture, circuit design, derating and Worst Case Analysis (WCA). Estimate task schedules
and budgets (BOEs) for programs, proposals and IR&D efforts. Estimate task ...
