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September 1942 Radio-Craft
 [Table
of Contents]
Wax nostalgic about and learn from the history of early electronics.
See articles from Radio-Craft,
published 1929 - 1953. All copyrights are hereby acknowledged.
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 Prior to the big push for leadless solder in
the 1990s, probably 99% or more of the solder used by industry, tradesmen, and hobbyists
contained lead. The 60/40 Sn-Pb (and 63/47) alloy, both with and without a rosin core,
was used for electrical work, electronics, plumbing, copper guttering, radiators,
and many mechanical assemblies made of steel, brass, copper, tin, etc. Between World
War I, "The War to [Not] End All Wars," and World War II, the electronics
industry exploded in growth. All realms of society and government became utterly
dependent on products assembled using solder. Both tin and lead were abundantly
available, making it inexpensive. Properties of Sn-Pb solder were well known, and
methods for is use were simple. At the breakout of WWII, America's main source for
tin was a group of countries under the control of Japanese forces. As with a lot
of other resources during wartime, tin was regulated and meted out by the government.
Alloy makeup was reduced to 16/84 for sale to civilian users, which significantly
decreased the strength of solder joints and complicated assembly efforts. I could
not find an image of solder labeled as 16/84 alloy.
Wartime Solder
By E. M. Kolman
Rosin-core solder as used by radio men is an alloy of tin and lead. No one ever
bothered to think about the sources of supply on tin as long as it was possible
to purchase a roll of solder with little effort. Now that tin is a strategic metal,
are asking, "Don't we have our own tin mines?" The answer is "No." Over ninety per
cent of our tin came from Malaya, Burma, Thailand and the Dutch East Indies and,
as everyone knows, the J aps are now in full possession there.
"What about the fabulous
Patino
Tin Mines in Bolivia and the new tin smelting plant at Texas City, Texas?"
Bolivian tin ores are second rate and they must be mixed with a first-grade ore
before they can be smelted economically. The Texas City tin-smelting plant has just
begun operations and it is questionable if it will ever be in a position to furnish
us with tin for civilian consumption. As it is, it will produce just a small portion
of our war requirements. In fact, how well it can do that will depend upon our ability
to allocate ships to transport the ore from the Bolivian tin mines to our new smelting-plant.
"Is it possible to solder with lead alone?"
The answer is no. Tin in itself is a solder that will "wet" or alloy with other
metals.
Lead when added to tin triples the strength of the solder, lowers its melting
point, makes it easier to handle and lowers the cost of the solder; yet lead by
itself will not wet other metals and so lead by itself is not a solder.
"What about substitutions for tin?" Cadmium, bismuth, indium and silver have
been suggested.
Cadmium may be alloyed with lead for soldering purposes but at the moment cadmium
is a "critical" metal and very much in demand for plating implements of war.
Bismuth like lead is no solder. It is used to lower the melting point of solders,
but the more bismuth used the more brittle and porous the joint becomes.
Indium may be used for soldering but just now the price of $12.50 an ounce is
a rather steep price.
Silver-lead solders, especially an alloy of 2 1/2% silver and 97 1/2% lead is
being as a substitute for tin-lead solders. This alloy compares favorably in price
with tin-lead solders but unfortunately for the radio man it is difficult to use
with a soldering-iron.
The radio man with his 50-, 60-, or 100- watt iron will find this solder sluggish
because of its higher melting point, 580°F. It will require a 150- or 200-watt
iron and even then the continued use of the iron is difficult because the faces
of the iron oxidize readily with so much lead in a solder.
The Tin-Lead branch of the WPB has ordered all solders for civilian consumption
to be reduced to 16/84, that is, 16% tin and 84% lead. This solder can be used successfully
by the radio man with a 150- or 200-watt iron.
A resourceful radio man may not have to be without solder because it is possible
to make his own. Prior to the outbreak of war all shaving-cream toothpaste and salve
tubes were made of almost pure tin. Tinfoil used as food wrappers, tinfoil from
old radio condensers (beware aluminum foil), tin bearings from connecting rods and
pewter ware may be alloyed with lead to make solder.
To make strip solder melt your scrap in a ladle and pour it on either an iron
or marble surface. If you plan to add tin to your lead, melt the lead first and
add the tin.
A solder containing as little as 5% tin and the balance lead is preferable to
any silver-lead alloy for radio use.
Posted July 6, 2023
(updated from original post
on 1/16/2018)
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