History of Fixed-Value Resistor Electronic Components

Bit error rate (BER) is used in digital telecommunication as a figure of merit for how effectively the receiver is able to decode transmitted data. It is the percentage of bits that have errors relative to the total number of bits received in a transmission, usually expressed as ten to a negative power. For example, a transmission might have a BER of 10^-5, meaning that on average, 1 out of every of 100,000 bits transmitted exhibits an error. The BER is an indication of how often a packet or other data unit has to be retransmitted because of an error. If the BER is higher than typically expected for the system, it may indicate that a slower data rate would actually improve overall transmission time for a given amount of transmitted data since the BER might be reduced, lowering the number of packets that had to be resent.

A common example of this is with a dial-up modem connection to an ISP (for those remaining who do not have broadband, or at least can remember the bad old days). During the initialization sequence when communications are being established between the computer modem and the ISP modem, it was possible to hear the digital noise. An arbitration process ensued whereby the highest data rate is attempted and if it resulted in too high of a BER, the modems mutually agreed to drop back to a lower rate. The process continued until an acceptable BER was achieved. That is why sometimes you would get a 50,2 kB connection, while at other times you might get only a 24.6 kB connection. In my own experience, the lower data rates were almost a certainty when it was raining; evidently poor insulation somewhere in the telephone lines allowed enough current leakage between conductors, or degraded poor connections enough to cause significantly higher noise.

A BERT (bit error rate test or tester) is a procedure or device that measures the BER for a given transmission.

when added noise level approaches noise floor of receiver:

where: