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 For the sake of avid cruciverbalists amongst
us, each week I create a new
crossword
puzzle that has a theme related to engineering, mathematics, chemistry, physics,
and other technical words. You will never be asked the name of a movie star unless
he/she was involved in a technical endeavor (e.g., Hedy Lamar). Clues in this week's
puzzle with an asterisk (*) are directly from this week's "High Tech News" column
on the RF Cafe homepage (see the Headline Archives page if necessary)...
 Please take a few moments to visit the
everythingRF website to see how they can assist you with your
project. everythingRF is a product discovery platform for RF and microwave products
and services. They currently have 354,801 products from more than 2478 companies
across 485 categories in their database and enable engineers to search for them
using their customized parametric search tool. Amplifiers, test equipment, power
couplers and dividers, coaxial connectors, waveguide, antennas, filters, mixers,
power supplies, and everything else. Please visit everythingRF today to see how
they can help you.
 In 1961, when these
tech-themed comics appeared in Electronics Illustrated magazine, the
"Space Race" was in full swing. That, along with home hi-fi stereo equipment, newfangled
color televisions, and - gasp - transistors, filled the headlines. They were also
the subject of many forms of humor. These four comics touch on many of those aspects,
all centered on the Space Race. Of course, everything is noticeably dated. "Flunking
the code test" means not much to Amateur radio licensees who earned their first
license (like me, in 2010) after the 5 WPM Morse code requirement was removed. Building
something in "kit form" was a good way to save some money and learn something...
 In our present "No user serviceable parts
inside" world of electronic products, it is easy to understand why very few people
have an appreciation for the technical prowess needed to troubleshoot and repair
them. When reading through these episodes of "Mac's Radio Service Shop" that appeared in mid last century editions
of Radio & Television News magazine, I am inspired to envy the skills
that small electronics repair shop owners had for working on the old vacuum tube
based radio and television sets. Digital electronics has its own unique set of quirks
and special knowledge requirements to troubleshoot, but when everything is analog
rather than merely being required to be a "0" or a "1"...
 "The U.S. Federal Communications Commission
(FCC) has announced that it is once again accepting applications for its
Honors Engineer Program. Initiated in 2018, the one-year development program
gives selected candidates an opportunity to work with FCC personnel on innovative
issues in the communications and high-tech arenas, including 5G communications technology,
the national deployment of broadband services, and communications technologies intended
to improve access to those with disabilities. Those selected to participate in the
Honors Engineer Program will be eligible for continued employment at the agency.
Application to the FCC's Honors Engineer Program is open to recent college graduates
with an engineering degree..."
 This week's crossword puzzle theme is
Amateur Radio. All RF Cafe crossword puzzles are custom made by me, Kirt
Blattenberger, and have only words and clues related to RF, microwave, and mm-wave
engineering, optics, amateur radio, mathematics, chemistry, physics, and other technical
subjects. As always, this crossword puzzle contains no names of politicians, mountain
ranges, exotic foods or plants, movie stars, or anything of the sort unless it/he/she
is related to this puzzle's technology theme...
 Submarines first proved their deadly capabilities
during World War II when Adolph Hitler's navy used them to torpedo not just
military ships but merchant ships in commercial trade routes between the Americas
and Europe. Hideki Tojo's navy used subs to conduct surveillance prior to the deadly
surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. Their naturally stealthy environment - underwater
- proved to be a difficult realm both for detection and for attack. Fortunately,
sensor technology developed quickly during the war, and soon a combination of air
and sea based methods were in use and proved very effective. Submariners no longer
sailed in relative security from being treated to a violent, icy burial at sea...
 The leading website for the PCB industry.
PCB Directory is the largest directory of
Printed Circuit Board (PCB)
Manufacturers, Assembly houses, and Design Services on the Internet. We have listed
the leading printed circuit board manufacturers around the world and made them searchable
by their capabilities - Number of laminates used, Board thicknesses supported, Number
of layers supported, Types of substrates (FR-4, Rogers, flexible, rigid), Geographical
location (U.S., China), kinds of services (manufacturing, fabrication, assembly,
prototype), and more. Fast turn-around on quotations for PCB fabrication and assembly.
 As
the Soviet army closed in on the Peenemünde rocket base in March 1945, German engineers
led by
Wernher von Braun initiated a desperate evacuation of their revolutionary research.
Tasked by von Braun, engineer Dieter Huzel organized the transport of tons of top-secret
blueprints and records to avoid capture by the advancing Red Army. Amidst the chaos
of collapsing lines and aerial warfare, Huzel successfully secured the documents
in an abandoned, ironclad mine near Goslar, shielding them from Soviet hands. After
dynamiting the entrance to seal the cache, Huzel and fellow scientists fled westward
to surrender to American forces. Following their successful arrival in U.S. lines,
the location was revealed...
 Sending telegraph messages, whether by wire
or wireless means, has always been expensive, particularly considering charges are
determined by the character (letter, number, symbol). Accordingly, the Shakespearean
line from Hamlet declaring that "brevity is the soul of wit" can be reworked to
"brevity is the soul of economy." A telegraph wire, unlike a telephone call, is
a legally binding communiqué, as is of course a written letter, but a telegram is
immediate transmission of information for time-critical messaging. A series of "commercial codes" were developed enabling senders to save often
significant money by sending multi-character codes that represented entire phrases
and/or sentences. What struck me about this article that appeared in a 1948 issue
of The Saturday Evening Post magazine...
 "With all the many pressures you have as
a product designer, does
electromagnetic
compliance (EMC) always seem like a stumbling block to delaying product sales?
Is your product exhibiting one of the top three failures: radiated emissions, electrostatic
discharge, or radiated immunity? Are you continually cycling between design/fixing
- running to the compliance test lab - failing again - and back to shot-gunning
more fixes? Wondering how to attack these issues earlier in the design cycle? Would
you like to learn how to characterize and troubleshoot simple design issues right
on your workbench? Then, this monthly column is for you..."
 In 1938, the designers at Sears, Roebuck &
Company's, Silvertone radio division were truly thinking "outside the box" when
they came up with this "Rocket" model
Models 6110. It is an ultra compact tabletop design with a unique
rounded top and a huge tuning dial that comprised one entire end of the Bakelite
cabinet, along with a set of six pushbuttons for station recall. Also published
were datasheets on the
Allied Radio Knight Model E10913, the
General Electric Model GD-52,, and the
Zenith Models 6D302, 6D311, 6D326, 6D336, 6D360. An ever-growing
list of models is at the bottom of every page...
 What drew my attention with this
P.R. Mallory & Company advertisement was not an actual
electronic component that they are most noted for - potentiometers, capacitors,
switches, metal alloys, and of course batteries (later renamed Duracell). Philip
Rogers Mallory began his company manufacturing tungsten wire for lamps. Rather what
interested me was the huge variety of standard potentiometer and rotary switch extension
shafts. Unlike modern electronics where pots and switches are typically mounted
to the enclosure with wires running to the circuit assembly, many...
 The failure to recognize
Nathan B. Stubblefield as the primary inventor of radio is a classic example
of how institutional power, financial interests, and the legal machinery of the
telecommunications industry tend to favor those with corporate backing over solitary,
unconventional inventors. Stubblefield's technology, which he demonstrated as early
as 1892, utilized induction and conduction through the earth and water rather than
the electromagnetic wave propagation (Hertzian waves) that ultimately became the
standard for modern radio. Because his method was effective only over relatively
short distances and functioned on different physical principles, it was eclipsed
by the work of Guglielmo Marconi. Marconi was the superior marketing force. He was
backed by a massive corporate infrastructure and was savvy in securing international
patents...
 Author T.A. Gadwa employs a
standing wave mechanism analogy that I don't recall having read
before - that of a dam on a river. The river is the transmission line with a lake
as the source and then he imagines a dam load. The dam standing waves, per his description,
have phase and amplitude characteristics that depend on how tall the dam wall is
relative to the surface height of the dammed river. An extensive array of graphs
is provided showing how the current of the dam standing waves react to the dam transmission
line termination impedance...
 Here are a couple more
electronics-themed comics, this time ones that appeared in the October 1951
edition of Radio & Television News magazine. When is the last time
you saw a comic in a technical magazine? Note the AC power cord attached to the
"portable" television. Television was a big deal in the day (I assume the "His"
on the guy's towel implies that "Hers" is at the other end of the power cord). Color
TV was not commercially available until a few years later. Nowadays, a person would
have a smartphone, tablet, or notebook computer while on the can. There is a huge
list of other comics at the bottom of the page...
 "Once upon a time in Europe, television
remote controls had a magic
teletext
button. Years before the internet stole into homes, pressing that button brought
up teletext digital information services with hundreds of constantly updated pages.
Living in Ireland in the 1980s and '90s, my family accessed the national teletext
service - Aertel - multiple times a day for weather and news bulletins, as well
as things like TV program guides and updates on airport flight arrivals. It was
an elegant system: fast, low bandwidth, unaffected by user load, and delivering
readable text even on analog television screens. So when I recently saw it was the
40th anniversary of Aertel's test transmissions, it reactivated a thought that had
been rolling around in my head for years..."
 I have a confession to make regarding the
puzzle titles. While all
RF Cafe crosswords do in fact use only my hand-entered dictionary
of terms and clues (literally thousands accumulated over the years) that pertain
exclusively to science, engineering, chemistry, physics, mathematics, astronomy,
etc., the choice for a particular title is to help attract search engines to the
page. There is nothing deceptive going on, just an attempt to exploit the nature
of search engine algorithms that rank pages based on meta tags coinciding with relevant...
 Sam Benzacar, of Anatech Electronics, an
RF and microwave filter company, has published his
April 2026 Newsletter that, along with timely news items, features his short
op-ed titled "Bell Labs in Murray Hill Celebrates." Sam, whose company is located
not far from Murray Hill, extolls the many discoveries and inventions that took
place there since its founding in 1925 as Bell Telephone Laboratories. It was originally
a subsidiary of AT&T and Western Electric, later becoming part of Lucent Technologies
and Alcatel-Lucent before Nokia's acquisition in 2016. Sam reports on the facilities'
recent 100th anniversary celebration. The list of accomplishments would will volumes...
 The transformative role of ferrites - crystalline
structures composed of iron oxide and metallic additives - in advancing modern electronics,
is reported in this 1961 Electronics Illustrated magazine article. Ferrites
uniquely combine magnetic properties with electrical insulation, enabling high efficiency
at frequencies where standard iron cores fail due to eddy current losses. This "electronic
wonder material" proved critical for television development, allowing for larger
picture tubes through efficient flyback transformers and deflection yokes. Furthermore,
ferrites revolutionized computing by providing reliable, compact memory cells, replacing
failure-prone vacuum tubes in machines like the Whirlwind I. Beyond these core
applications, the material facilitates innovations such as ultrasonic ...
 "In 1627, a year after the death of the
philosopher and statesman Francis Bacon, a short, evocative tale of his was published.
The New Atlantis describes how a ship blown off course arrives at an unknown island
called Bensalem. At its heart stands Salomon's House, an institution devoted to
'the knowledge
of causes, and secret motions of things' and to 'the effecting of all things
possible.' The novel captured Bacon's vision of a science built on skepticism and
empiricism and his belief that understanding and creating were one and the same
pursuit. No mere scholar's study filled with curiosities, Salomon's House had deep-sunk
caves for refrigeration, towering structures for astronomy, sound-houses for acoustics,
engine-houses..."
 Werbel's new
WM2PD-1.5-20.5-S-ECO, 2-way power divider covers 1.5 to 20.5 GHz and is
designed for engineers who need wideband performance in a compact, cost-efficient
package. Optimized for size, bandwidth, and manufacturability, it is well suited
for high-volume applications, lab use, and general-purpose signal distribution where
extreme port match is not required. Designed, assembled, and tested in the USA.
"No Worries with Werbel!"
 The radar system I worked on in the USAF
used two early memory types described in this 1956 Popular Electronics
magazine article. In fact, the radar was designed during that era, so it is no surprise.
Our IFF secondary radar had a whopping 1 kilobyte of
magnetic core memory in its processor circuitry. It consisted of 1024 tiny toroids
mounted in a square matrix with four hair-width enamel coated wires running through
them as x and y magnetization current lines, sense, and inhibit functions. If my
memory serves me (pun intended) after three decades away from it, the TTL circuitry
(no microprocessor) stored range values to calculate speed and direction from sample
to sample. The other memory type was a mercury acoustic delay line contraption having
a piezoelectric transducer at one end to launch an electrical pulse along its length
and another transducer at the other end to convert back to an electrical pulse...
|
 • European
Electronics Distribution Gains Momentum
• UK
Secure Quantum Communications Boost
• 2026
PC Sales down 11.3%, Tablets down 7.9%
• Starlink
Becoming Mainstream Option
• U.S.
Engineering
Ph.D. Programs Losing Students?
 The
RF Cafe Homepage Archive
is a comprehensive collection of every item appearing daily on this website since
2008 - and many from earlier years. Many thousands of pages of unique content have
been added since then.
 Most of the time the
tech-themed comics which appeared in vintage electronics industry magazines
reflected popular issues of the day. In 1961 when these five comics appeared in
Radio-Electronics, home stereo systems and television performance woes
(with the need for repair and/or adjustment) were at the top of the list. Less domestic
issues like the fledgling satellite technology, digital computer systems, vehicle
navigation, and medical instrumentation often made the cut as well. The page 48
and 81 comics address stereo, page 99 does satellites, page 116 covers medicine,
and 121 hits on TV. A saying in the world of humor is that in order to be successful,
there needs to be some truth in the gag in order to be truly funny. Sometimes the
truth element is subtle and might even require the targeted audience to be privy
to not so widely known information. Such is the case with a couple of these...
 Shipboard radio operators have
been a crucial part of commercial and military transport since first being implemented
in the early 20th century. Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company's operators
(John "Jack" Phillips and Harold Bride) onboard the
RMS Titanic are credited for saving the ship after it ran into an iceberg
in the north Atlantic, as are the radio operators aboard the RMS Lusitania after German
U-boats mercilessly torpedoed it. Today's sailing vessels, as well as aircraft, are as
reliant upon skillful radio operators and radio equipment as back then. Much has been
automated, but ultimately it is the human element...
 Windfreak Technologies is proud to announces
the availability of our
FT108, an innovative
programmable bidirectional filter bank spanning a frequency range of 5 MHz
to 8 GHz in 15 bands. Band selection can be controlled through USB, UART or
at high speeds through powerful triggering modes. Each unit is factory tested via
network analyzer with unique data stored in the device to help with its use. Crossover
frequencies are stored so the user can send a frequency command and the FT108 will
utilizes Intelligent Band Selection logic to automatically toggle the optimal
filter path based on minimum insertion loss. Readback of FT108 insertion loss at
any frequency between crossover points allows for easy amplitude leveling...
 Crystal diodes have been used as detectors
in radio circuits since the 1910s. Originally, the rectification process was effected
via a point contact "whisker" (aka "cats whisker") pressed against the crystal's
face. It was not mechanically rugged (vibration could cause erratic operation),
was sensitive to heat and humidity (if not contained in a hermetic case), and operated
at fairly low frequencies. Vacuum tube diodes provided some improvement, but were
still limited to operation in the lower hundreds of MHz. Once germanium and silicon
crystals became available, operational frequencies climbed into the upper MHz to
lower GHz realm, even though, as shown in this 1946 Radio-Craft article, the diodes
were of the point contact type. PN junctions at those frequencies were still a few
years off. Their smaller size and construction largely mitigated the environmental
issues of the early types. The 1950s- vintage S-band radar...
 We have long known that activity on our sun
affects electromagnetic communications. Energetic particles, primarily electrons,
explode from the sun's surface (coronal
mass ejections and flares) and are hurled at blazing speeds towards the earth
at an average speed of around 424 km/s (263 mi/s). They begin affecting our
upper atmosphere about four days later by ionizing atoms, thereby altering electrical
conduction properties. This in turn determines how and whether electromagnetic signals
either pass through the atmosphere into space or get refracted (bent) back down
toward Earth. Long distance communications in particular are effected, but often
even local communications are impacted as well. Some events have little effect,
some cause minor disruptions in communications, some cause local communications
blackouts, and some are significant enough to cause entire power grids to fault
and shut down. Frequency and intensity of the CMEs and flares is correlated with
the well-established 11-year (approximately) cycle between solar maximums...
 Here are a couple more
electronics-themed comics from the March 1967 issue of Popular Electronics
magazine for your TGIF enjoyment. The comic on page 100 especially appeals to me since
I am finishing the installation of a Channel Master CM-5020 antenna. It has been a long
time since I installed a traditional style TV antenna - about 40 years ago when I put
a Radio Shack antenna on the roof of my mother's house. The entire 109" long by 100"
wide antenna, including mounting hardware, weighs only 11.5 pounds and presents
a wind resistance of 30 pounds. This is Channel Master's best antenna.Gain
is 10 dB at VFH and 16 dB at UHF. I plan to use it for FM radio as well. A
vintage Alliance Tenna-Rotor will make it steerable...
 Dave Harbaugh did a number of different
humorous features for Popular Electronics magazine back in the 1960s and
'70s (see list at bottom of page). "Hobnobbing
with Harbaugh" was one of the more popular comic series he did. Article topics
ranged from husband-wife relationships where the husband is an über-enthusiastic
technophile of some sort and the wife has to put up with his crazy schemes and inventions.
These comics poke fun at technical schools and colleges, and their alumni. My favorite
is the "suicidal" waveform.
 Here is an electronics
Lamp Brightness Quiz for you to try, compliments of Popular Electronics
magazine. Intuition from experience goes a long way here, but if all else fails
you can work out the details of the rectifier circuits to determine which lamp received
the most current. Keep in mind that the diode symbols are not LEDs; it is the 'A,'
'B,' and 'C' symbols inside circles that are the lamps whose brightnesses are being
considered. LEDs did exist at the time this quiz was created in 1969, but the circuits
would perform differently if in fact LEDs were used for double duty of rectification
and illumination. Good luck...
 In this series, author Yardley Beers discusses
propagation effects, modulation systems, and receiver techniques. Part 1 of
this 3-part article entitled "Influence of the Antenna of the Choice of Wavelength
for Best Communications," appeared in the February 1952 issue of the ARRL's
QST magazine. This second part concerns "Propagation,
Modulation, and Receivers." I have also posted Part 3, which subsequently
appeared in the August 1952 edition. A particularly interesting topic included in
this installment is that of using a form of pulse modulation in FM broadcasting
in order to exploit the "capture effect" whereby a signal in the presence of noise
will tend to suppress the noise. I don't think modern stations use that method,
possibly because of incompatibility with stereo channels and data added for digital
readouts...
 The June 1945 edition of Radio-Craft
magazine published a death notice for diode electron tube ("valve" in British parlance)
inventor
Sir Ambrose Fleming. The date given was April 19th, but every source I can find
says he died on April 18th. With having been born on November 29, 1849, that made
the good fellow 95½ years old. According to a calculator on the TimeAndDate.com
website, that's a grand total of 34,900 days. Who's going to argue over a potential
0.00287% error, especially from back in a era when communications and fact checking
was not as easy as it is today?
 During the early days of
remote (radio) controlled models - airplanes, boats, and cars - the only way
to legally operate an R/C was by possessing an amateur radio operator's license.
At some point in time around when this article appeared in a 1952 issue of Radio-Electronics
magazine, part of the 27 MHz band allocated to Citizens' Band radio was opened
to low power radio control. Even then, a radio operator's permit from the FCC was
required for use, which in 1974 I paid to obtain (too bad I don't still have it).
My first R/C system, purchased used from a guy down the road who was heavily into
radio controlled models of all sorts, was on 27.195 MHz. It was a 3-channel
Digitron DP-3 system manufactured by OS Digital (in Japan), although there was only
analog circuits in the transmitter, receiver, and servos. The FCC designated five
frequencies for R/C in the 72 MHz band in 1965, then a total of about 60 channels
by the late 1980s. In 2004, the first spread spectrum R/C system was introduced,
operating in the 2.4 GHz ISM band. In 1952, there was not much in the way of
proportional control of movable surfaces - rudder, elevator, aileron, engine throttle,
etc. Motorized servos were just beginning to come to market, but they were basically
neutral, full throw left, or full throw right. It was an electromechanical substitute...
 RF Cafe visitor Brad B. just provided
the following
Watkins-Johnson Tech Notes for the collection: v5-3, v5-4, v5-5, v5-6, v6-2,
v6-3, v6-4, v6-5, v6-6, v8-1, v8-4, v9-1, v9-2, v9-3, v9-4, v9-5, v10-2, v10-5,
v10-6. They run the gamut from Solid State Limiting Amplifiers and Antenna Polarizations
to Digital Signal Processing for Multichannel Receiving Systems. Many old-timers
consider the W-J Tech Notes to be some of the best sources of circuit and systems
design guides ever written, especially for military, defense, and aerospace applications.
 This series of comics describes the reactions
you might expect to receive from various kinds people who, while visiting your home,
are introduced to your new stereo setup. Although they appeared in a 1959 edition
of Popular Electronics magazine, the scenarios still hold true today, only
now you can extend the equipment types to include a gaming computer, a wide screen
television, a personal robot, and other modern electromechanical wonders. Now, however,
while "admiring" your equipment, he/she will simultaneously be referring constantly
to his/her smartphone. It is rare to see this kind of entertainment in newer publications
- probably for fear of being sued by an overly sensitive person who sees himself/herself
as being lampooned...
 By the beginning of 1945 when most people
believed the War was all but won, the national and global attitude began to shift
from a wartime footing back to a commercial and domestic mindset. For the Axis powers
the prospect was one of shame and contrition, while knowing that unlike if they
had been the victors, Allied nations would deal harshly only with the leaders of
the aggression and destruction while showing mercy, humanity, and graciousness to
the general populations. In fact we became very good friends with Germany, Italy,
and Japan in the years immediately following their respective unconditional surrenders.
As the end of hostilities neared, information began being released by the government
about some of the previously closely guarded secrets of technical developments in
the previous half decade - such as the
radar systems covered in this October 1945 issue of Radio-Craft magazine...
 National Radio Schools published a monthly
(sometimes bimonthly) magazine titled National Radio News. The later editions
usually had an
electronics themed comic panel that addressed contemporary topics. Earlier editions
usually featured student-drawn comics that were primarily propaganda to promote
the school more so than humor. It sort of reminds me of the way the Amway faithful
were in the 1960's through 1990's - most losing money while cheering on the very
few multimillionaire "'Diamonds." Actually, such devotion and company/cause spirit
was common in the early part of the 20th century as men desperately sought to secure
their places in the American capitalist dream...
 I
am in the process of building a Douglas DC-3 control line model that uses a pair
of ElectriFly Rimfire .10 motors, and wanted to know whether it would be possible
to use a single electronic speed controller (ESC) for them. Unlike brushed DC motors
with which you can - and I have in the past - gotten away with
powering two motors from a single ESC, the brushless motors use
a three-phase signal that is both amplitude and pulse width modulated. Such a waveform
is not likely to be able to drive more than one motor properly, particularly given
the motor's interaction with the ESC due to its time-variable complex impedance.
I did a fairly extensive Internet search trying to find a definitive answer as to
whether it can be done, but they were all just guesses. Many people
seemed very knowledgeable on brushless motors and their controllers...
 It really was not all that long ago when
wiring images for news stories literally meant transmitting photographs over
a twisted pair of telephone lines either to a fax machine or to a computer on standby
waiting for incoming files. Videocasts were being regularly performed via satellite
of ground relay microwave stations since the 1960s, but most still shots were sent
via phone lines. For the last decade and a half, both still shots and videos have
been transmitted as a routine matter via camera-equipped cellphones, and as with
most technologies we have quickly become so accustomed to the convenience that memories
of the old ways are quickly (even thankfully) forgotten. This article from a 1936
edition of Radio-Craft describes one of the really early systems. Notice that coupling
to the telephone line is via induction to the handset, not via a hardwire connection
to the phone circuit...
 Wow, a $50,000 helicopter! You can't touch
a new heli these days for less than a third of a million dollars (like a Robinson
R22). 1959 marked the early days of helicopter traffic reports, I'm guessing before
the really good noise cancellation headsets were available, so drivers down in the
traffic snarl tuned in their AM radios and got a lot of reporters yelling into the
microphone to overcome the rotor chop-chop-chop sound in the background. According
to this 1959 Popular Electronics magazine article, an airborne GE unit of the era
transmitted 3 watts at 26.19 mc (MHz), and received on a triple conversion, crystal-controlled
receiver. If you look at the one photo, you'll see a Handie-Talkie on the passenger
seat...
 Usually an article about
clean layout techniques would be about printed circuit board layout; however, this
one refers to chassis layout. Having built many electronics chassis in my days as an
electronics technician (prior to earning an engineering degree), I have a great appreciation
for a professional-looking job. Some of the work done by hobbyists that appear in magazines
like QST, Nuts & Volts, and the older titles like
Poplar Electronics looks pretty darn nice - both for kits and homebrews. It's a
short article, but worth a quick look... |
