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5 of the January 2023 homepage archives. Friday the 13th
 These couple
tech-themed comics appeared in the November and December issues of Electronics
World magazine - one apiece. The November comic presents what would have been
considered a futuristic mega-size television that required technology nowhere near
reality at the time. The only type of display available then was a cathode ray tube
(CRT), which would require a cabinet many times deeper than the one shown to accommodate.
Maybe artist G. Lyons foresaw plasma, LCD, or LED flat screen displays - but
I doubt it. The salesman's comment is somewhat prescient in that an Internet search
will find many examples of larger vintage TV cabinets which have been modified to
serve as pet houses, bookcases, liquor cabinets, etc. The other comic is a pun on
the overly-enthusiastic antennas home-bewer...
 In a continuing effort to make available
schematics, parts lists, and service information available for vintage radios, I
have been scanning and posting documents like this one featuring the Arvin models
555, 555A, 552N, 552AN. It appeared in a 1947 issue of Radio News magazine. OCR
is run on them to separate the textual content and facilitate searches. Some really
nice photos of a restored
Arvin 555 are available on the RadioAttic.com website (see thumbnail).
There are still many people who restore and service these vintage radios, and often
it can be difficult or impossible to find schematics and/or tuning information.
I keep a running list of all data sheets...
 Rohde & Schwarz has been working with
research partners to develop the new
L-band digital aeronautical communications system (LDACS), a new air traffic
control (ATC) communications system that significantly increases bandwidth and allows
modern IP-based communications. It is poised to replace the current VHF digital
link (VDL) mode 2 in civil aviation to become the future worldwide standard. LDACS
offers data throughput that is up to about 200 times faster than VDL mode 2. LDACS
specifically uses portions of the L band frequency reserved for flight communications.
It uses interference suppression algorithms and is optimized for minimal out-of-band
emissions and trouble-free operation alongside other flight equipment operating
in said band. "Modern aviation demands the secure exchange of data," Thomas Bögl,
Director of Technology and Studies at Rohde & Schwarz, explains. "LDACS reliably
enables high data throughput that is secured with encryption. It can support a wide
variety of new applications...
 Imagine if you wanted to transmit from your
car with a 400 kHz radio and had to trail a
600-foot-long ¼-wave wire antenna behind to do it. Of course nobody ever did
that, but it was common practice with airplanes in the days before VHF and UHF communications
became the norm. It wasn't because nobody knew that it would be more advantageous
to operate at higher frequencies in order to reduce antenna size requirements, it
was that electronic equipment capable of withstanding the rigorous environment of
airborne conditions was not ready for prime time, as the saying goes. Come to think
of it, the term "prime time" had probably not even been coined yet when this article
was written in 1946 because it derives from the evening television viewing hours
(~8:00 to 11:00 pm) when the most viewers were tuned in. Electric and/or manual
winches were used to deploy the antenna after getting airborne and to reel it in
prior to landing. Weights were hung on the end in order to prevent oscillations,
but that was dangerous both to the aircraft and people and objects on the ground
when a length of wire and the weight...
 New Scheme rotates
all Banners in all locations on the page! RF Cafe typically receives 8,000-15,000
website visits each weekday.
RF Cafe is a favorite
of engineers, technicians, hobbyists, and students all over the world. With more
than 16,000 pages in the Google search index, RF Cafe returns in favorable
positions on many types of key searches, both for text and images. New content is
added on a daily basis, which keeps the major search engines interested enough to
spider it multiple times each day. Items added on the homepage often can be found
in a Google search within a few hours of being posted. If you need your company news to be seen, RF Cafe is the
place to be.
 Axiom Test Equipment allows you to
rent or
buy test equipment,
repair
test equipment, or sell or trade test equipment. They are committed to providing
superior customer service and high quality electronic test equipment. Axiom offers
customers several practical, efficient, and cost effective solutions for their projects'
TE needs and is committed to providing superior customer service and high quality
electronic test equipment. For anyone seeking a way to offload surplus or obsolete
equipment, they offer a trade-in program or they will buy the equipment from you.
Some vintage items are available fully calibrated. Please check out Axiom Test Equipment
today - and don't miss the blog articles!
Thursday the 12th
 I'm no antenna expert, so no technical contribution
to author Harold Churchill's "Super
Reception on Short Waves" article will be attempted. It appeared in a 1964 issue
of Radio-Electronics magazine. Along with some suggested antenna construction
techniques, he discusses the importance of knowing how to properly aim a directional
antenna in order to hit the location for which you are targeting. Vertical angle
of arrival of radio waves is largely a function of frequency, so a generalized table
is provided there. The other angle of concern is the horizontal direction, which
relies on pointing your antenna directly at the distant target based on its great
circle bearing from your position. You cannot get that information from a flat projection
type of map. Although nowadays you simply plug the coordinates of both locations
into an online calculator, back in the day one of the handiest tools was a good
old fashioned globe. Take a piece of string and stretch it across the sphere between
you and your signal's intended destination (or origin). The shortest path, known
as the great circle path, indicates the direction to point your antenna. The article's
example is from New York City, U.S., to Tokyo, Japan...
 The main purpose for bothering to reprint
articles like this one on
analog color TV theory is to reveal the complexity and ingenuity that went into
cramming a lot of information into a relatively (at the time) small bandwidth. Signals
within signals and signals riding on top of and below other signals was the name
of the game, and pulling it off successfully required many well-designed and well-aligned
circuits. Anyone old enough to remember watching a show on analog television can
appreciate the difference between a high quality set with self-adjusting capability
and a cheap set that required constant fiddling with the tiny, fluted knobs on the
back. I, by the way, always had (and still have) the cheap sets. A bad picture on
today's digital displays consists of screwy color tones or a few missing pixels,
but at least you can stand to watch your movie or ball game. If an analog set started
acting up, the picture could creep to the top or bottom of the screen, the horizontal
and/or vertical scan synchronizations...
 "At
CES 2023, Meta Materials will be exhibiting its Nanoweb
transparent EMI shielding film, which offers an optimal combination of transparency
and conductivity. In addition to EMI shielding, Meta will also be demonstrating
a range of applications: Nanoweb heaters for deicing/defogging of ADAS sensors (cameras,
radar, LiDAR) Nanoweb antennas and electrochromic lenses for AR eyewear Nanoweb
5G reflector films for managing outdoor and indoor signal propagation In addition,
Meta is developing two new battery materials to improve performance, safety and
sustainability for Li-ion batteries used in electric vehicles and other applications.
NPORE nanocomposite ceramic separators have <1% heat shrinkage to help prevent
battery fires. Metal/polymer composite current collectors made with the company's
PLASMAfusion technology reduce weight by 80% compared to solid copper foil, extending
vehicle range. The devices act as a fuse to inhibit thermal runaway and improve
sustainability..."
 There seems to be no such thing anymore
as a simple formula for the physical implementation of an electronic component.
Back in the early days of electronics discovery, frequencies were low and the precision
needed for predicting the performance of circuits was equally low. As techniques
for component construction and circuit analysis improved, more complete formulas
were required to have theory match reality. Simple equations like Wheeler's for
a single layer coil was good enough. Now, the more complete Wheeler model of is
often more useful (it is the one that produces the result shown in the screen shot
above). Be sure to conform to proper units. Fortunately, some kind souls have seen
to it that software is available free of charge that removes the laborious task
of typing long equations into a spreadsheet or into a hand-held calculator. In this
case, Coil64
(or the Coil32, 32-bit version) is available from Valery Kustarev...
 Single layer
coil design charts (aka nomographs) are a dime a dozen on the Internet. This
nomograph appeared in a 1955 issue of Popular Electronics magazine. A couple
examples of usage are included. The textbook Wheeler's formula for a single-layer
coil with closely wrapped turns (wire diameter << coil diameter) is L = μr * d2 * N2 / (18 * d + 40 *
l), where l has units of inches and L has units of μH. To verify one of the examples
given in the article: L = μr * d2 * N2 / (18 * d + 40 * l), = 1 * 52 * 192 / (18 * 5 + 40 * 0.52) = 81.45
μH, which is significantly less than the 100 μH given in the article. Another, more
extensive Wheeler inductance formula (too long to reproduce here) yields 90.9 μH.
Maybe I made a mistake somewhere, but I don't think so. I also downloaded the Coil64
software and plugged numbers into it and go similar results. These are without regard
to frequency...
RF Cascade Workbook is the next phase in the evolution of
RF Cafe's long-running series, RF Cascade Workbook. Chances are you have
never used a spreadsheet quite like this (click here for screen capture). It is a full-featured RF system
cascade parameter and frequency planner that includes filters and mixers for a mere
$45. Built in MS Excel, using RF Cascade Workbook 2018 is a cinch
and the format is entirely customizable. It is significantly easier and faster than
using a multi-thousand dollar simulator when a high level system analysis is all
that is needed. An intro video takes you through the main features...
 Centric RF is a company offering from stock
various RF and
Microwave coaxial components, including attenuators, adapters, cable assemblies,
terminations, power dividers, and more. We believe in offering high performance
parts from stock at a reasonable cost. Frequency ranges of 0-110 GHz at power
levels from 0.5-500 watts are available off the shelf. Order today, ship today!
Centric RF is currently looking for vendors to partner with them. Please visit Centric
RF today.
Wednesday the 11th
 This "Electronic
Crossword" showed up in a 1965 issue of Electronics World magazine. Most of
the words are directly related to the title's subject, but a few are everyday words
to fill in where needed (as opposed to my RF Cafe crossword puzzles, which contain
only applicable words). For instance the 22 Down clue of "Shoshonian Indian,"
while at first consideration might be deemed unrelated to a crossword puzzle with
an electronics theme, it could be a reference to the Indians featured in many of
the company advertisements back in the day, as Sangamo (and here, here, here) often
did. Or, maybe the Indian chief in the old broadcast TV test pattern hailed from
the tribe. Some of the clues include (colloq.) after them, which stands for colloquialism,
or a shortcut / abbreviation often used to refer to the technical name. An example
(not in this puzzle) would calling an attenuator a "pad"...
 "South Korea's first-ever
lunar orbiter Danuri has sent black-and-white photos of the Moon's surface and
Earth, the national space centre said Tuesday. Danuri - a portmanteau of the Korean
words for 'Moon' and 'enjoy' - was launched on a SpaceX rocket from the United States
in August 2022 and entered lunar orbit last month. Its images - taken between December
24 and January 1 - show the lunar surface and Earth, and were shot from less than
120 kilometres (75 miles) over the Moon, the Korea Aerospace Research Institute
(KARI) said in a statement. The images and videos will be 'used to select potential
sites for a Moon landing in 2032,' it added. Danuri is circling the Moon every two
hours, the centre said..."
 NASA is currently collecting a phenomenal
amount of data on the planet Mars. No small part of the effort is to determine whether
sending humans to inhabit Mars would be feasible, or even at all possible. In order
for it to be even possible for a long-term stay, it would be necessary for consumable
resources to be accessible by Earth Martians. Discovering water ice would be the
pièce de résistance since water is heavy and therefore very expensive to transport
across vast reaches of space. Another key bit of data needed is frequency and size
of meteor strikes on the surface since that figures directly into survivability.
Long before we had the capability or even need to do that for Mars, NASA was doing
the same sort of investigation on our moon (as opposed to one of Mars' two moons,
Phobos and Deimos). The resolution of telescopes, all ground-based in the day, was
good enough to perform site selection surveys in the x-y plane, but altitude data
could only be inferred via estimations based on shadow lengths along the terminator
(night/day line of demarcation) and sideways glances of peaks and valleys. That
was not good enough for planning a human expedition to the surface, so engineers
and scientists came up with a
radar mapping technique to obtain z-axis data. That effort is reported here
in this May 1961 edition of Popular Electronics...
 Modelithics, the world's leading independent
provider of RF and microwave models, is pleased to announce version 23.2.1 of the
Modelithics MACOM GaN Library. With this latest version, the library now includes
a total of nine models for MACOM PURE CARBIDE™ GaN devices. Version 23.2.1 of the
Modelithics MACOM GaN Library introduces a new model for the MACOM MAPC-A1505 GaN
device. The MAPC-A1505 GaN amplifier is intended for operation from 2.7 to 3.1 GHz
and is suitable for linear and saturated applications. It supports pulsed operation
and delivers >700 W of output power. The MAPC-A1505 device comes in an air
cavity ceramic package and is intended for 50 or 65 V operation. The Modelithics
MACOM GaN Library also includes models for MACOM's MAPC-A1000, MAPC-A1100, MAPC-A1101,
MAPC-A1102, MAPC-A1103, MAPC-A1500, MAPC-A1501, and MAPC-S1101 GaN devices. Each
model in the library...
 As time marches on and electronics components
get smaller and smaller, there is no just no room to apply
color code markings for values, but in a lot of instances there is not even
room to apply a laser alphanumerical marking (at least not one large enough to be
seen with an unaided eye). This goes for common passive components like capacitors,
inductors, and resistors as well as for integrated circuits, RF couplers and power
dividers, diodes, and transformers. Open you Wi-Fi router and try to find a useful
component designation. Only the largest parts will have anything you can look up
on the Internet. There are ways to hunt down identification for some of the parts,
but at least for R's, L's, and C's, the only way to discover a value without the
assistance of a schematic is to measure it. If you look at older electronics equipment,
you will immediately notice color stripes and/or dots on many components. The tables
below, from a 1955 issue of Popular Electronics magazine, will help you decipher
the meanings for component value, tolerance, temperature coefficients, etc., as
applicable...
New Scheme rotates
all Banners in all locations on the page! RF Cafe typically receives 8,000-15,000
website visits each weekday.
RF Cafe is a favorite
of engineers, technicians, hobbyists, and students all over the world. With more
than 16,000 pages in the Google search index, RF Cafe returns in favorable
positions on many types of key searches, both for text and images. New content is
added on a daily basis, which keeps the major search engines interested enough to
spider it multiple times each day. Items added on the homepage often can be found
in a Google search within a few hours of being posted. If you need your company news to be seen, RF Cafe is the
place to be.
 ConductRF is continually innovating and
developing new and improved solutions for RF Interconnect needs. See the latest
TESTeCON RF Test
Cables for labs. ConductRF makes production and test coax cable assemblies for
amplitude and phased matched VNA applications as well as standard & precision
RF connectors. Over 1,000 solutions for low PIM in-building to choose from in the
iBwave component library. They also provide custom coax solutions for applications
where some standard just won't do. A partnership with Newark assures fast, reliable
access. Please visit ConductRF today to see how they can help your project!
Tuesday the 10th
 Evidently - and understandably so - a lot
of people in the electronics realm have a problem grasping the concept of a decibel
as it pertains to voltage, current, power, et al. This 1960 Electronics World
magazine "The
Decibel Without Pain" article takes a stab at making it all clear. As the c1991
Teen Talk Barbie famously said, and in some cases like in this YouTube video still
says, "Math class is tough." Believe it or not, that created quite a stir amongst
feminists who, BTW, would have had no problem with Ken saying the same thing. The
fact is, for many - probably most - people math class is tough. It was for me when
I was in elementary school and junior high school. I nearly failed 9th grade algebra
because for the life of me I could not get the hang of factoring polynomials. Being
given the option of enrolling the the electrical vocational program for high school
(grades 10 through 12) was my salvation. I loved working with electrical and electronic
things, so being able to spend my days in prison (aka school) learning about residential,
commercial...
 Here I go again saying how Germany missed
an opportunity - twice - to be the world's technical superpower by starting wars
that numerically proved it could never win. Scientists and engineers of Deutschland
designed and implemented what would be the first wirelessly guided missile for correcting
the flight path of the
V-2 rocket (the "V" stood for Vergeltungswaffe, or vengeance weapon). This article
from a 1945 edition of Radio News magazine describes how a radio "cone"
was formed by a ground-based transmitter array that caused an airborne guidance
system to keep the rocket on course during the boost phase of its flight. Embarrassingly,
I don't recall having known about this amazing technology...
I will be away from my computer most of the day whilst undergoing a bilateral
inguinal
hernia repair That should be fun, but not as fun as having what should be inside
hanging outside (yuk!). If all goes as well as my
microdiscectomy
last July, I'll be up and about in no time. Responses to e-mails will be delayed
until later today. Thanks for your patience. It's been a good year for doctors'
and hospitals' finances, but not so good for mine :-( ----
Kirt B.
 National Radio Schools published a monthly
(sometimes bimonthly) magazine titled National Radio News. The later editions
usually had an
electronics themed comic panel that addressed contemporary topics. Earlier editions
usually featured student-drawn comics that were primarily propaganda to promote
the school more so than humor. It sort of reminds me of the way the Amway faithful
were in the 1960's through 1990's - most losing money while cheering on the very
few multimillionaire "'Diamonds." Actually, such devotion and company/cause spirit
was common in the early part of the 20th century as men desperately sought to secure
their places in the American capitalist dream...
 If
you need a getaway car for committing a crime, BMW has just the thing for you...
"BMW unveiled Wednesday the prototype of a
car that can
change color and showcases digital features like projecting driving data across
the inside of the windshield. This car, called i Vision Dee, was presented at the
Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas at an event attended by "Terminator" actor
and former California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger. BMW unveiled last year at
this same show a car that could change hue but only from white to black and gray
in between. But the body of the new car can change in a rainbow of colors, in one
solid hue or in stripes or checks. BMW i Vision Dee is just an idea for now but
it is supposed to shape the design of future cars from the luxury manufacturer.
For example, having driving data such as speed or direction flash on the windshield
is scheduled to be an option as of 2025..."
 For many years I have been scanning and
posting
Radio Service Data Sheets like this one featuring the Clarion 5 Tube Model 423;
6 Tube 470, 471 and 472; and 10 Tube 480 radio. This appeared in a 1934 issue of
Radio-Craft magazine. As with the articles, OCR (optical character recognition)
is run on them to separate the textual content and make it searchable. There are
still many people who restore and service these vintage radios, and often it can
be difficult or impossible to find schematics and/or tuning information. I will
keep a running list of all data sheets to facilitate a search. Clarion 5 Tube Model
423 photo above was found on the RadioMuseum.org website...
 This assortment of custom-designed themes
by RF Cafe includes T-Shirts, Mouse Pads, Clocks, Tote Bags, Coffee Mugs and Steins,
Purses, Sweatshirts, and Baseball Caps. Choose from amazingly clever "We Are the World's
Matchmakers" Smith chart design or the "Engineer's Troubleshooting Flow Chart."
My "Matchmaker's" design has been ripped off by other people and used on their products,
so please be sure to purchase only official RF Cafe gear. My markup is only a paltry
50¢ per item - Cafe Press gets the rest of your purchase price. These would make
excellent gifts for husbands, wives, kids, significant others, and for handing out
at company events or as rewards for excellent service. It's a great way to help
support RF Cafe. Thanks...
 Copper Mountain Technologies develops innovative
and robust RF test and measurement solutions for engineers all over the world. Copper
Mountain's extensive line of unique form factor
Vector
Network Analyzers include an RF measurement module and a software application
which runs on any Windows PC, laptop or tablet, connecting to the measurement hardware
via USB interface. The result is a lower cost, faster, more effective test process
that fits into the modern workspace in lab, production, field and secure testing
environments. 50 Ω and 75 Ω models are available, along with
a full line of precision calibration and connector adaptors.
Monday the 9th
 When this "Semiconductors
Are Circuits" article appeared in a 1964 issue of Radio-Electronics
magazine, integrated semiconductor circuits were still in their infancy. Being able
to build resistors, capacitors, and inductors on a slice of doped silicon was the
first step in a rapidly evolving capability to realize complex circuits that would
eventually include mixing analog and digital functions on the same die. Materials
and methods produced ever-increasing frequencies of operation, high power for outputs,
and lower power consumption for the on-chip circuits. Die shrinkage came from multi-layer
construction, vertical structures, shrinking gate sizes, superior photomask and
deposition techniques, purer semiconductor bases with improved doping chemistries,
and better die sawing and separation. New wire bonding, package overmolding, testing,
and automation of pick-and-place and soldering facilitated the use of the new products...
 Here is a story of a real feat of RF engineering
where the stakes were high for determining the cause of the problem and effecting
a solution. In this case Bell Telephone Laboratories was solicited to figure out
why a
commercial broadcast station's signal was not being received as strongly as
predicted after the station had relocated its facilities specifically to address
the issue. A lot of power was being pumped into the antenna, but inexplicably some
relatively nearby listeners were getting lousy reception while reports were coming
in of good signal strength from hundreds - even thousands - of miles away in other
directions. A modern antenna design program like EZNEC could immediately predict
the empirically measured pattern if the entire system is modeled properly, but it
would still require the insight of a really experienced engineer or technician to
ascertain the cause. It makes you wonder whether, presented with the same challenge,
you would arrive at the correct conclusion. Many options for a solution were ultimately
presented to station management...
 Axiom Test Equipment, Inc., an electronic
test equipment rental and sales company has published a new blog post entitled "Maintaining
Audio Quality That Makes a Difference," which covers how maintaining reliable
audio capability in electronic systems calls for a variety of analyzers and generators
capable of commanding precision audio characteristics. Testing helps to discover
unwanted distortion and noise made by the audio equipment and how it's possible
to remove or at least reduce the levels of noise compared to the audio signal levels.
Fine-tuning electronic equipment for audio performance whether for use or for production
can be accomplished by a variety of techniques, in the frequency domain or the time
domain and usually to gauge the consistency of the signal amplitude and/or phase
response as a function of frequency across the operating bandwidth...
 The concept of a
decibel (dB) is
understandably difficult and confusing for someone just being introduced to it.
Combining specifications for gain, power, and voltage (and current, but not so often)
that mix dB, dBm, dBW, watts, milliwatts, voltage, millivolts, etc., often requires
converting back and forth between linear values and decibel values. This brief tutorial
will help to clarify the difference between working with decibels and working with
linear values. Anxiety Alert: Using decibels involves working with logarithms. Logarithms
(logs) were first conceived of in the early 1600s by Scottish mathematician John
Napier, as a tool for simplifying multiplication and division operations by converting
them to faster and less error prone addition and subtraction operations, respectively.
This is made possible because of the way multiplication of two numbers expressed
as similar base numbers with exponents can be accomplished by merely adding the
exponents together. Division of those same numbers...
RF Cascade Workbook is the next phase in the evolution of
RF Cafe's long-running series, RF Cascade Workbook. Chances are you have
never used a spreadsheet quite like this (click here for screen capture). It is a full-featured RF system
cascade parameter and frequency planner that includes filters and mixers for a mere
$45. Built in MS Excel, using RF Cascade Workbook 2018 is a cinch
and the format is entirely customizable. It is significantly easier and faster than
using a multi-thousand dollar simulator when a high level system analysis is all
that is needed. An intro video takes you through the main features...
 Triad RF Systems designs and manufactures
RF power amplifiers
and systems. Triad RF Systems comprises three partners (hence "Triad") with
over 40 years of accumulated knowledge of what is required to design, manufacture,
market, sell and service RF/Microwave amplifiers and amplifier systems. PA, LNA,
bi-directional, and frequency translating amplifiers are available, in formats including
tower mount, benchtop, rack mount, and chassis mount. "We view Triad more as a technology
partner than a vendor for our line-of-sight communications product line." Please
check to see how they can help your project.
Sunday the 8th
 This week's custom
RF
Cafe crossword puzzle contains many words and clues specific to antennas (marked
with an asterisk*). All the other words and clues pertain strictly to the subjects
of engineering, science, physics, astronomy, chemistry, etc. If you do see names
of people or places, they are directly related to the aforementioned areas of study.
As always, you will find no references to numbnut movie stars or fashion designers.
Need more crossword RF Cafe puzzles? A list at the bottom of the page links to hundreds
of them dating back to the year 2000. Enjoy.
These archive pages are provided in order to make it easier for you to find items
that you remember seeing on the RF Cafe homepage. Of course probably the easiest
way to find anything on the website is to use the "Search
RF Cafe" box at the top of every page.
About RF Cafe.
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