Sunday the 22nd
As with my hundreds of previous
engineering and science-themed crossword puzzles, this one for October 22nd
uses only clues and terms associated with engineering, science, physical, astronomy,
mathematics, chemistry, etc., which I have built up over more than two decades.
Many new words and company names have been added that had not even been added to
the world's technical lexicon when I started in the year 2002. As always, this crossword
contains no names of politicians, mountain ranges, exotic foods or plants, movie
stars, or anything of the sort unless it/he/she is related to this puzzle's technology
theme. You might, however, encounter the name of a movie star like Hedy Lamarr or
a geographical location like Tunguska, Russia, for reasons which, if you don't already
know, might surprise you. The technically inclined cruciverbalists amongst us will
appreciate the effort. A full list of all RF Cafe crosswords is at the page bottom.
Enjoy!
Anatech Electronics (AEI) manufactures and
supplies RF and microwave filters for military and commercial communication
systems, providing standard LP, HP, BP, BS, notch, diplexer, and custom RF filters,
and RF products. Standard RF filter and cable assembly products are published in
our website database for ease of procurement. Custom RF filters designs are used
when a standard cannot be found, or the requirements dictate a custom approach for
your military and commercial communications needs. Sam Benzacar's monthly newsletters
address contemporary wireless subjects. Please visit Anatech today to see how they
can help your project succeed.
Friday the 20th
TGIF, right? Here are a few of
Dave Harbaugh's Ham radio related comics from the December 1961 issue of
Popular Electronics magazine to help wind down the week. From the time
Popular Electronics began publication in October 1954, it dedicated a lot of
print space to amateur radio and to radio controlled modeling. A lot of self-deprecating
humor accompanied special features by various artists and story writers. Carl Kohler
contributed many humor columns under the McWatts series and his domestic antics
while attempting to appease "Wife friend." A fairly common topic of Ham radio comics
is having a wife discover her husband has been carrying on communications with a
"YL" (young lady); one such theme is included here. Being the December edition,
of course there is a Christmas-themed comic as well. With the Khrushchev comic (remember
the era), I'm not sure whether the red-faced Harbaugh is meant to indicate his rage
while arguing with a Commie, or to represent his conversation with a "Red." Also
common in the day was the nuclear war threat with a popular practice of building...
Resistors, probably the most common electronic
components in existence, have undergone significant evolution since first being
mass produced in the late 19th century. Amazingly, less than two centuries have
passed since the concept of electrical resistance was first published in 1827 by
Georg Simon Ohm, a German physicist. As with most products of the era, and well
into the 20th century, resistor manufacturing involved a degree of human labor.
Resistors found in your grandparents' old vacuum tube radios were most likely measured
and sorted, and the colored value markings painted by the hand of a human worker.
This "How
Resistors Are Made" article from a 1935 issue of Radio-Craft magazine
provides a look at the early manufacturing process long before salt-grain size surface
mount resistors. Note the photo showing an operator manually painting color code
dots on the resistor body. One of America's earliest and largest resistor manufacturers...
"Piezoresistors
are commonly used to detect vibrations in electronics and automobiles, such as in
smartphones for counting steps, and for airbag deployment in cars. They are also
used in medical devices such as implantable pressure sensors, as well as in aviation
and space travel. In a nationwide initiative, researchers have developed a piezoresistor
that is about 500,000 times smaller than the width of a human hair. Dr. Darwish
said they had developed a more sensitive, miniaturized type of this key electronic
component, which transforms force or pressure to an electrical signal and is used
in many everyday applications. 'Because of its size and chemical nature, this new
type of piezoresistor will open up a whole new realm of opportunities for chemical
and biosensors, human-machine interfaces, and health monitoring devices,' Dr. Darwish
said..."
The
American-Bosch model 430T is a 5-tube, 3-band superheterodyne table model radio
made in the mid 1930s. A Radio Service Data Sheet for it appeared in the January
1936 issue of Radio-Craft magazine. The image to the left was found on
the RadioMuseum.org website. FM broadcasting was not in common use yet, so only
AM bands and some shortwave bands were available. In fact, 1936 was the year that
frequency modulation (FM) inventor Edwin H. Armstrong first demonstrated his
newfangled concept that largely solved the noise problem...
This assortment of custom-designed themes
by RF Cafe includes T-Shirts, Mouse Pads, Clocks, Tote Bags, Coffee Mugs and Steins,
Purses, Sweatshirts, Baseball Caps, and more, all sporting my amazingly clever "RF Engineers - We
Are the World's Matchmakers" Smith chart design. These would make excellent
gifts for husbands, wives, kids, significant others, and for handing out at company
events or as rewards for excellent service. My graphic has been ripped off by other
people and used on their products, so please be sure to purchase only official RF
Cafe gear. I only make a couple bucks on each sale - the rest goes to Cafe Press.
It's a great way to help support RF Cafe. Thanks...
Amplifier Solutions Corporation (ASC) is
a manufacturer of amplifiers for commercial & military markets. ASC designs
and manufactures hybrid, surface mount flange, open carrier and connectorized amplifiers
for low, medium and high power applications using Gallium Nitride (GaN), Gallium
Arsenide (GaAs) and Silicon (Si) transistor technologies. ASC's thick film designs
operate in the frequency range of 300 kHz to 6 GHz. ASC offers thin film
designs that operate up to 20 GHz. ASC is located in an 8,000 sq.ft. facility
in the town of Telford, PA. We offer excellent customer support and take pride in
the ability to quickly react to evolving system design requirements.
Thursday the 19th
Ultrasonics as a cleaning method was a big
thing in industry long before this article appeared in a 1961 issue of Popular
Electronics magazine, but as with microwaves (for other than broadcasting),
ultrasonics was beginning to move into domestic, medical, and small business applications.
If you are not familiar with the capabilities of ultrasonics, Ken Gilmore will enlighten
you on methods for cleaning air, measuring fat content in tissue, cleaning extremely
small mechanical components, meat tenderizing, ship hull barnacle prevention, and
other such things. My first exposure to ultrasonic cleaning was while at Westinghouse
Oceanic Division in Annapolis, MD, where we had an ultrasonic vat filled with methyl
chloroform (1,1,1, trichloroethane) for degreasing and defluxing electronics assemblies.
We got it in 55−gallon drums. The methyl chloroform was heated to enhance its cleaning
action, and there was a pipe surrounding the perimeter of the open top that had
cold water running through it which caused the evaporated solution...
"Transistors are crucial components
of most electronics on the market today, including computers, smartphones, wearables
and numerous other devices. These components, generally based on semiconducting
materials, are designed to switch, detect and amplify current inside devices, controlling
the flow of electricity inside them during their operation. As conventional transistors
are reaching their highest possible performance, electronics engineers have been
working on alternative transistor designs that could be promising for future applications.
Using different materials and arranging these materials in unique ways, engineers
hope to enhance the performance of transistors, reduce their size or enable unique
functions.
Reconfigurable field-effect transistors (FETs) are an emerging class of transistors
that could help to reduce the complexity of electronics, by combining different
functions in a single device. Specifically, these programmable transistors could
combine the characteristics of unipolar n- and p-type semiconductors..."
Electronics magazine is very different
from all the other vintage electronics magazines I have used in the past. Electronics
is much more focused on military, space, and fundamental research. New issues were
published bi-weekly by McGraw−Hill from 1930 until 1988. About half the editions
had two to three times as many pages as the other half, with most of the extra pages
being advertisements. The publishers must have made a fortune on advertising revenue.
My guess is that the vast majority of the companies appearing in the early 1960s
issues I bought on eBay do not exist anymore, having either gone out of business
or having been acquired by bigger companies. The article presents a very interesting
rhombic antenna concept. Someone had his thinking cap on real tight when dreaming
up the radio wave focusing scheme described. A "high speed computer" was used for
simulations prior to building the prototype. Its key objective was to drastically
reduce the amount of acreage needed to obtain performance akin to rhombic layouts.
The FAA funded the project citing a need for reliably receiving intercontinental
air traffic control information...
Anatech Electronics offers the industry's
largest portfolio of high-performance standard and customized
RF and microwave filters and filter-related products for military, commercial,
aerospace and defense, and industrial applications up to 40 GHz. Three new
filters have been announced for October 2023: a 2205.5 MHz cavity bandpass
filter with a bandwidth of 15 MHz and power handling of 25 W, a 2201.5 MHz
cavity bandpass filter with SMA Female connectors and a 6 MHz bandwidth, and
a 2201.5 MHz cavity bandpass filter with a 6 MHz bandwidth and an insertion
loss of 2.0 dB and handles 10 W of power. Custom RF power filter and directional
couplers designs can be designed and produced with required connector types when
a standard cannot be found, or the requirements are such that a custom approach
is necessary...
If the December 13, 1965, edition of
Electronics magazine had a theme, it was undoubtedly reporting on the current
state of
Japanese technology. The cover photo is a shot of microwave antennas dominating
Tokyo's skyline. Japanese technology companies worked hard to overcome the largely
undeserved negative connotation that a "Made in Japan" label carried in the day.
Do you remember the scene in the movie "Back to the Future Part III" where Doc,
having traveled back in time from the 1950s, is trying to fix his DeLorean time
travel car and discovers a burnt out circuit and claims, "No wonder this circuit
failed, it says made in Japan?" Marty, who travelled from the 1980s, replied, "What
do you mean doc, all the best stuff is made in Japan." There is no denying the Japanese
people succeeded at their goal...
It was a lot of work, but I finally finished
a version of the "RF & Electronics Schematic & Block Diagram Symbols"" that
works well with Microsoft Office™ programs Word™, Excel™, and Power Point™. This
is an equivalent of the extensive set of amplifier, mixer, filter, switch, connector,
waveguide, digital, analog, antenna, and other commonly used symbols for system
block diagrams and schematics created for Visio™. Each of the 1,000 or so symbols
was exported individually from Visio in the EMF file format, then imported into
Word on a Drawing Canvas. The EMF format allows an image to be scaled up or down
without becoming pixelated, so all the shapes can be resized in a document and still
look good. The imported symbols can also be UnGrouped into their original constituent
parts for editing. Check them out!
Centric RF is a company offering from stock
various RF and
Microwave coaxial components, including attenuators, adapters, cable assemblies,
terminations, power dividers, and more. We believe in offering high performance
parts from stock at a reasonable cost. Frequency ranges of 0-110 GHz at power
levels from 0.5-500 watts are available off the shelf. We have >500,000 RF and
Microwave passive components we can ship you today! We offer Quality Precision Parts,
Competitive Pricing, Easy Shopping, Fast Delivery. We're happy to provide custom
parts, such as custom cables and adapters, to fit your needs. Centric RF is currently
seeking distributors, so please contact us if interested. Visit Centric RF today.
Wednesday the 18th
Have you heard of the term "neutrodon?"
Not me, until it appeared in this 1964 issue of Radio-Electronics magazine's "News
Briefs" section. A neutrodon is a neutralizing capacitor used in vintage tuned radio
frequency (TRF) radios based on triode tubes - called neutrodynes - invented by
Dr. Louis Alan Hazeltine. The capacitors cancel out the Miller capacitance
of high gain vacuum tubes. He founded Hazeltine Corporation, which is now owned
by BAE Systems (British Aerospace Electronics - it's amazing how many of our technology
companies are owned by foreign companies). Also reported is Dr. Alexander de Seversky,
designer and manufacturer of World War I combat biplanes and monoplanes, experimenting
with a model "ion-powered craft" - the "Ionocraft" - that floated on a stream of
electrons from an emitter grid located below it. Although no details were given,
he claimed the craft could fly to altitudes of 60 miles. That height would place
the Ionocraft within the ionosphere, where I'm guessing the ambient charges would
wreak havoc with the navigation / propulsion system...
Uh-oh, I wonder if
dummkopf Tim H.,
who keeps writing to call me an idiot for claiming
memristors are real, will crawl out of his hole again for this story? "The world's
first fully system-integrated memristor chip has been unveiled by a team of Chinese
scientists who believe it could not only make artificial intelligence smarter, but
also more time and energy efficient. While the semiconductor has yet to leave the
lab setting, it could allow for the development of AI that is capable of more human-like
learning, which could have implications for the way smart devices and autonomous
driving work, according to the researchers. 'Learning is highly important,' for
edge intelligence devices, the research team from Tsinghua University said in their
study released in the journal Science on September 15, referencing devices that
process data internally with technology like AI..."
Edwin Armstrong, often referred to as Major
Armstrong due to his commission in the U.S. Army Signal Corps, came up with a working
scheme for
wideband frequency modulation (FM) in the early 1930s. He did not, as believed
by many, invent FM. Narrowband FM was explored in the 1920s as a replacement to
amplitude modulation (AM) in hopes that it would eliminate the susceptibility to
static that AM suffered, but no significant improvement was achieved. When this
article was published in Radio−Craft magazine 1935, it was a mere two years after
Armstrong was awarded patents for his wideband FM system. AM was still the scheme
used by all commercial broadcast stations primarily because receivers were not being
manufactured yet. On January 1, 1941, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
allocated a band of 40 channels spanning 42–50 MHz for FM broadcasting. Radio station
WSM−FM (W47NV) in Nashville, Tennessee, becoming the first fully licensed commercial
FM station...
January 1930 was very shortly after the
major stock market crash in October of the previous year, so a lot of people suddenly
were not motivated to buy unnecessary creature comfort items - like radios. Many
of the smaller manufacturers were forced out of business accordingly. Fewer and
simpler designs seemed to dominate the surviving market for a couple years as the
economies of the world slowly recovered. America was not alone in the financial
doldrums. Just about the time things were rolling along merrily again, a short-tempered
little guy with a funny mustache decided he wanted to rule over all of Europe, starting
a war that would eventually cause nations to dedicate manufacturing facilities and
materials for radios (and many other things) to weapons production. Non-military
radio production was suspended from 1942 through 1945. After that, electronics for
all manner of entertainment grew exponentially. The photo of the
Bremer-Tully Model 7-70 radio was found on the RadioMuseum.org website. It looks
like a very basic tabletop configuration...
With more than 1000
custom-built stencils, this has got to be the most comprehensive set of
Visio Stencils available for RF, analog, and digital system and schematic
drawings! Every stencil symbol has been built to fit proportionally on the included
A-, B-, and C-size drawing page templates (or use your own page if preferred). Components
are provided for system block diagrams, conceptual drawings, schematics, test equipment,
racks (EIA 19", ETSI 21"), and more. Test equipment and racks are built at a 1:1
scale so that measurements can be made directly using Visio built-in dimensioning
objects. Page templates are provided with a preset scale (changeable) for a good
presentation that can incorporate all provided symbols...
ConductRF is continually innovating and
developing new and improved solutions for RF Interconnect needs. See the latest
TESTeCON RF Test
Cables for labs. ConductRF makes production and test coax cable assemblies for
amplitude and phased matched VNA applications as well as standard & precision
RF connectors. Over 1,000 solutions for low PIM in-building to choose from in the
iBwave component library. They also provide custom coax solutions for applications
where some standard just won't do. A partnership with Newark assures fast, reliable
access. Please visit ConductRF today to see how they can help your project!
Tuesday the 17th
Everybody likes a "What Is It?" type
picture quiz - especially if the results are not being graded. These eleven
photos were published in a 1941 issue of Popular Science magazine, along
with suggestions for what they might be. All except two are commonplace items which
should cause no difficulty for most RF Cafe visitors. My experience is that the
kinds of people who read magazines like Popular Science, Mechanix Illustrated, and
Popular Mechanics are both self-educators and "doers" who regularly indulge in science
(astronomy, weather, propulsion), mechanics (cars and trucks, mowers, washing machines,
motors), chemistry (solvents, lubricants, coatings), and all the tools and gadgetry
that go along with them. A couple items here are somewhat antiquated, but anyone
older than about forty to fifty years old have likely seen and/or own them. Bon
chance...
Here is a timeless subject for anyone routinely
subject to exposed
high voltages. Most RF Cafe visitors already know that technically, it is the
amount of electric current through the body that determines severity of electric
shock, not the voltage. However, we also know that voltage does play a role because
a certain voltage, per Ohm's law, is needed to induce a commensurate current. The
body's resistance is determined primarily by perspiration (salt and water) and the
path between contact points (e.g., across adjacent skin areas or hand-to-hand via
the heart). MIL-STD-883 and JEDEC* have decided that the proper Human Body Model
(HBM) for testing semiconductor survivability when subject to high voltages is 1.5 kΩ.
I could not find out how that value was determined...
"We
live in an increasingly gray zone and asymmetric world, where coercive actions must
be effective against near-peer adversaries and non-state actors alike. Ukraine is
largely a drone war, while the U.S. and allies struggle to supply much costlier
conventional weapons. China is modernizing its forces with a ferocity too few Americans
appreciate, spanning land, air, sea and space capabilities, as well as electronic
and information warfare. At home, our citizens and infrastructure face looming threats
from attritable systems. As sobering as these perils are, the U.S. already has the
means to achieve step changes in mission effectiveness and deterrence, using
directed energy (defined as concentrated beams of electromagnetic energy). Legacy
military applications mostly focused on jamming communications and face barriers
to achieving more comprehensive effects. Today, thanks to five years of dramatic
advances in directed energy, we stand at a pivotal moment, as high-power microwave
capabilities enter the spotlight. Directed energy will define the next era of defense..."
Photographs of some - maybe even most -
of the vintage vacuum tube radios are difficult or even impossible to find online.
This
Knight Model E10913 tabletop radio manufactured by Allied Radio Corporation
is an example. When I post these Radio Service Data Sheets from magazines like
Radio-Craft, I always attempt to find a photo of a restored radio or at
lease a one in decent condition. Websites like The Radio Attic and Radio Museum
have large inventories of photos, schematics, and sometimes a description and company
history. eBay and Etsy are also a good place to look. There are still many people
who restore and service these vintage radios, and often it can be difficult or impossible
to find schematics and/or tuning information. Accordingly, a running list of all
data sheets is at the bottom to facilitate a search. Most radio service shop technicians
were able to troubleshoot and align these simple sets without any kind of documentation.
With more than 1000
custom-built stencils, this has got to be the most comprehensive set of
Visio Stencils available for RF, analog, and digital system and schematic
drawings! Every stencil symbol has been built to fit proportionally on the included
A-, B-, and C-size drawing page templates (or use your own page if preferred). Components
are provided for system block diagrams, conceptual drawings, schematics, test equipment,
racks (EIA 19", ETSI 21"), and more. Test equipment and racks are built at a 1:1
scale so that measurements can be made directly using Visio built-in dimensioning
objects. Page templates are provided with a preset scale (changeable) for a good
presentation that can incorporate all provided symbols...
Copper Mountain Technologies develops innovative
and robust RF test and measurement solutions for engineers all over the world. Copper
Mountain's extensive line of unique form factor
Vector
Network Analyzers include an RF measurement module and a software application
which runs on any Windows PC, laptop or tablet, connecting to the measurement hardware
via USB interface. The result is a lower cost, faster, more effective test process
that fits into the modern workspace in lab, production, field and secure testing
environments. 50 Ω and 75 Ω models are available, along with
a full line of precision calibration and connector adaptors.
Monday the 16th
Great minds think alike, as the old saying
goes. Back in 2021, my 1970s-era
General Electric Model 7-4305C roll-down number clock-radio began making a high
pitch grinding noise. It is powered by a small, pancake AC synchronous motor. After
looking on eBay for a replacement motor, I discovered that they were commonly selling
for $20-$50, which is more than I paid for the radio. On a whim, I decided to try
drilling a small hole in the top of the motor case and injecting a couple drops
of 3-in-1 motor oil (there was no way to safely open the case. The motor body was
rotated a few times to distribute the oil inside. I did not cover the hole since
it was purposely drilled in the top. When I plugged it back in, the noise was gone,
and to date has not returned. To my amazement, when perusing my hard copy of the
December 1954 issue of Popular Electronics magazine a few days ago, I ran
across this "How to Repair Your Electric Clock" article! The author did exactly
the same thing I did, except he covered the hole he made. I couldn't believe it...
The newest release of RF Cafe's spreadsheet
(Excel) based engineering and science calculator is now available -
Espresso Engineering Workbook™. Among other additions, it now has an
Ohm's Law Calculator. Note that the Spurious Product Calculator has been removed
because its large number of calculations slowed down the spreadsheet too much. Since
2002, the original Calculator Workbook has been available as a free download.
Continuing the tradition, RF Cafe Espresso Engineering Workbook™ is
also provided at no cost,
compliments of my generous sponsors. The original calculators are included, but
with a vastly expanded and improved user interface. Error-trapped user input cells
help prevent entry of invalid values. An extensive use of Visual Basic for Applications
(VBA) functions now do most of the heavy lifting with calculations, and facilitates
a wide user-selectable choice of units for voltage, frequency, speed, temperature,
power, wavelength, weight, etc. In fact, a full page of units conversion calculators
is included. A particularly handy feature is the ability to specify the the number
of significant digits to display. Drop-down menus are provided for convenience.
Now that a more expandable basis has been created, I plan to add new calculators
on a regular basis...
OK, I am ashamed to admit that with just
a quick guess I thought Rx in question 6 would be 180 Ω rather than the correct
value of 20 Ω. I knew the ratio of 150 Ω to 50 Ω (3:1) would be the
same as for 60 Ω to Rx, but stupidly went the wrong way. In order for the bridge
to be balanced, the voltage division between the left and right arms of the bridge
had to result in the voltages on both sides of the meter to be 0 V. I
did manage to get the equivalent resistances of Q8, 9, and 10 right, though, by
re-drawing the circuits (Hint: it helps a lot to number the nodes and resistors
when doing so). Q10, by the way, is similar to the resistor cube problem I demonstrated
a method for solution back in 2010 (wow, that long ago?!)...
Arvin, a subsidiary of Noblitt−Sparks
Industries, was a brand of car radios and audio equipment that was popular in the
20th century. Founded in the 1930s, Arvin quickly established itself as a leader
in the field of automotive sound systems. Known for its quality and reliability,
Arvin's products were widely used by American consumers and became synonymous with
in-car entertainment. At a time when radio was still a relatively new technology,
Arvin's car radios stood out for their compact size and ease of use. They were well-designed
and offered a range of features, including AM/FM tuning, volume control, and push-button
tuning. Arvin also offered a range of other audio products, including home radios
and portable speakers, that were well-received by consumers. This schematic for
the Arvin−Ford 17−A Automotive Radio was published in the June
1935 issue of Radio−Craft magazine. The image is representative of an Arvin
car radio of the era...
Banner Ads are rotated in all locations
on the page! RF Cafe typically receives 8,000-15,000 visits each
weekday. RF Cafe
is a favorite of engineers, technicians, hobbyists, and students all over the world.
With more than 17,000 pages in the Google search index, RF Cafe returns in
favorable positions on many types of key searches, both for text and images.
Your Banner Ads are displayed on average 225,000 times per year! New content
is added on a daily basis, which keeps the major search engines interested enough
to spider it multiple times each day. Items added on the homepage often can be found
in a Google search within a few hours of being posted. If you need your company news to be seen, RF Cafe is the
place to be...
Please take a few moments to visit the
everythingRF website to see how they can assist
you with your project. everythingRF is a product discovery platform for RF and microwave
products and services. They currently have 267,269 products from more than 1397
companies across 314 categories in their database and enable engineers to search
for them using their customized parametric search tool. Amplifiers, test equipment,
power couplers and dividers, coaxial connectors, waveguide, antennas, filters, mixers,
power supplies, and everything else. Please visit everythingRF today to see how
they can help you.
Sunday the 15th
This week's
electronic-theme crossword puzzle for October 15th sports an electronics theme.
This being the 15th day of the month, many of the words begin and/or end with the
letter "O." Clues for words containing "O" are marked with an asterisk (*). All
RF Cafe crossword puzzles are custom made by me, Kirt Blattenberger, and have only
words and clues related to RF, microwave, and mm-wave engineering, optics, mathematics,
chemistry, physics, and other technical subjects. As always, this crossword contains
no names of politicians, mountain ranges, exotic foods or plants, movie stars, or
anything of the sort unless it/he/she is related to this puzzle's technology theme
(e.g., Reginald Denny, Hedy Lamarr, or the Tunguska event in Siberia). The technically
inclined cruciverbalists amongst us will appreciate the effort. Enjoy!
This assortment of custom-designed themes
by RF Cafe includes T-Shirts, Mouse Pads, Clocks, Tote Bags, Coffee Mugs and Steins,
Purses, Sweatshirts, Baseball Caps, and more, all sporting my amazingly clever "RF Engineers - We
Are the World's Matchmakers" Smith chart design. These would make excellent
gifts for husbands, wives, kids, significant others, and for handing out at company
events or as rewards for excellent service. My graphic has been ripped off by other
people and used on their products, so please be sure to purchase only official RF
Cafe gear. I only make a couple bucks on each sale - the rest goes to Cafe Press.
It's a great way to help support RF Cafe. Thanks...
RIGOL Technologies is transforming the Test
and Measurement Industry. Our premium line of products includes digital and mixed
signal oscilloscopes, spectrum analyzers, function / arbitrary waveform generators,
programmable power supplies and loads, digital multimeters, data acquisition systems,
and application software. Our test solutions combine uncompromised product performance,
quality, and advanced product features; all delivered at extremely attractive price
points. This combination provides our customers with unprecedented value for their
investment, reduces their overall cost of test, and helps speed time to completion
of their designs or projects.
