Here is the "Electricity - Basic Navy Training Courses"
(NAVPERS 10622) in its entirety. It should provide one of the Internet's
best resources for people seeking a basic electricity course - complete with examples
worked out. See
copyright. See
Table of
Contents. • U.S. Government Printing Office; 1945 - 618779
While listening to the radio the other day,
I heard a guy who is very technically astute and is a Ham radio operator pronounce
the word "schematic" as "skem-E-at-ik." He wasn't just joking because he
kept saying it that way throughout the show. It came to mind while posting this
chapter entitled, "The Electrical Circuit Diagram," and I thought you might appreciate
it (especially if you also routinely mispronounce the word). But I digress... The
U.S. Navy over the years has produced a number of series of training courses for
electricity, communications, mechanics, navigation, etc., that are held in high
regard by the military and private industry. Graduates of the courses who served
a term of enlistment performing equipment maintenance have always been preferred
by employers looking for high quality technicians.
Some of the NAVPERS course content needed to be updated as technology and knowledge
evolved. For instance, what is usually referred to as "conventional current flow"
is defined as being a positive charge moving from the more positive point to the
more negative point in a circuit. We now know that it is electrons that constitute
current flow and they move from the more negative point to the more positive point
in a circuit. So, when you see current flow arrows leaving the source's positive
terminal and reentering the negative terminal, it is "conventional flow."
Conversely, when you see current flow arrows leaving the source's negative terminal
and reentering the positive terminal, it is "electron flow." It is an
important distinction to make when considering magnetic fields generated by current
flow, and induced current from a changing magnetic field (see
Right-Hand
Rule page on RF Cafe.
Chapter 4: Electrical Circuit Diagrams - The Electrical
Circuit Diagrams
Men who know electricity best, "talk with
diagrams." Ask them a question and they whip out a pencil and make a quick sketch
to show you what's what. In telling a technical story, a single diagram is often
worth more than a thousand words in putting over the POINT of the story. Electricians
may use either one of two types of diagrams to explain electrical installations.
When you are installing or repairing equipment you will use one or the other of
these electrical "blueprints." The two types are WIRING DIAGRAMS and SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS.
You MUST understand both types of diagrams before you go any further with your study
of electricity. Certain STRUCTURAL PARTS of a circuit, as well as the ELECTRICAL
CONNECTIONS are shown in a WIRING DIAGRAM. In a SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM, however, ELECTRICAL
CONNECTIONS and ELECTRICAL APPARATUS are shown by symbols and all structural parts
are eliminated The two diagrams in figure 14 show exactly the same thing. Both the
wiring diagram and the schematic diagram illustrate the connection pattern of the
coils in an electric motor. Notice how the schematic diagram uses a form of shorthand.

Figure 14. - Two types of diagrams.
Figure 15 is a table of electrical and radio symbols. When you study schematic
diagrams in this book, you will find it profitable to look up any symbols you don't
recognize. THE COMPLETE CIRCUIT All normal electrical circuits are COMPLETE circuits.
They have one path from the source of power to the load and another path from the
load to the source of power. Examine A and B of figure 16. Note that "the battery
is the source of power. Following the arrows through the circuit, you find that
the current leaves the negative terminal flows through a wire to the lamp, through
the lamp to a second wire and back through this wire to the positive terminal of
the battery. This path of current is a COMPLETE CIRCUIT. You may ask, "Why is it
necessary to provide a return path for the current to get back to the battery?"
Consider what would happen if there were no return path. The current would pile
up at the lamp until the potential of the lamp would, equal the potential of the
battery. This would take only a split second. With equal potentials on lamp and
battery, NO current would flow-and the lamp would not light. It is evident that
all circuits which carry current must be COMPLETE paths from SOURCE TO LOAD AND
BACK TO SOURCE.

Figure 15. - Electrical and radio symbols.

Figure 16. - Direction of current flow*.
Figure 17 shows a circuit in which a lamp and a motor are supplied with power
from a generator. Note that the current flows from the negative side of the generator,
first through the lamp and then through the motor, and completes the circuit by
returning to the positive side of the generator.
In the circuits just described, two different sources of potential difference
were used-the generator and the battery. Almost every circuit uses either a generator
or a battery as its source of potential. Either one furnishes the force which drives
current through the circuit. Generators and batteries correspond to the pumps in
a water system.
A generator or a battery builds up a CONTINUOUS high negative potential at its
negative terminal. At the same time, a CONTINUOUS high positive potential is built
up at the positive terminal. These two potentials are brought about by an electron
transfer WITHIN the battery or generator. With these high potentials at either end,
the circuit is in a strained condition-too many electrons at the negative terminal
and too few electrons at the positive terminal. This strain can be relieved only
by a return to a neutral (normal) condition-equal numbers of electrons and equal
numbers of protons at both terminals. Since only electrons move in an electrical
circuit-there is a CONTINUOUS flow of ELECTRONS THROUGH THE CIRCUIT FROM THE NEGATIVE
TERMINAL TO THE POSITIVE TERMINAL. This is the rule you will use in tracing the
current flow in all electrical circuits in this book.
Circuit diagrams are the "blueprints" of the electrician and radio technician.
They guide him in all installations, operations, and repairs of electrical equipment.
Figure 18 shows six different circuits. Practice on them. By referring to the table
in figure 15, you should be able to understand the following facts about each circuit
-
2. Type of potential source.
3. Kinds of loads on. the circuits.
4. Connection patterns.
5. Circuit controls (switches, fuses, etc.).
6. Cable specifications- (you will learn later).
7. Special devices (especially in radio circuits).
Circuit Faults
Electrical circuits, in good working order, are known as CLOSED or COMPLETE circuits.
Your circuits should always be in good working order. You can install and maintain
your circuits properly by paying intelligent attention to your work. Don't let a
circuit fault be YOUR fault!
Circuit faults are anything that causes the circuit to OPEN, GROUND, or SHORT.
The effect of these faults is to decrease or cut off the current, or to increase
it beyond a safe value. Sometimes-not often-faults are unavoidable. In your circuits,
make sure that ALL the faults are UNAVOIDABLE.
Open Circuits
Open circuits may result from dirty or loose connections and from sloppy or careless
runs of cable. Proper connections are made through binding posts, plugs, switches,
receptacles, and soldered or friction lugs. Splicing is NOT permitted aboard Naval
vessels except in a real emergency (damage control).
Good connections are CLEAN and TIGHT. If a connection is perfectly clean, contacts
over a large area, and is tight, NO RESISTANCE IS ADDED to the circuit. But if the
connection is dirty, of small contact area, or is loose, a considerable amount of
resistance is introduced in the circuit. Usually dirt -oil, corrosion, or dust-is
a good insulator. If such insulation remains between two connected parts of a circuit,
as in B of figure 19, only a small amount of current may pass.

Figure 17. - Current direction with two loads*.

Figure 18. - Practice circuits.

Figure 19. - Clean and dirty contacts.

Figure 20. - Loose connections.
(RF Cafe note: Incorrectly labeled Figure 19 again in the original text)

Figure 21. - Contact resistance.
Dirty connections can be avoided by rubbing the connecting parts with a piece
of sandpaper or by scraping them with the back of a knife blade until they are bright.
Dirty connections are not true opens, but they are classified as opens because they
reduce current.
Loose connections may occur at the knives of switches, spring clips, and bolt
terminals; and also at emergency splices. Loose connections can be avoided if you
use good common sense. Check your connections at all points before energizing the
circuit.
After electrical apparatus has been in operation for some time, vibrations may
have produced loose connections. It is easy to spot a loose connection. It sparks,
gets hot, and the current strength drops below its rated value. Loose connections,
because of their arcing, are fire hazards and may burn insulation. Figure 20 shows
a few kinds of loose connection.
If greatly magnified, as in figure 21, the surface of a conductor looks rough
and ragged. When two parts of a circuit are joined together, as in figure 21, the
area of the contact surfaces at the joint, must be large-remember, only the HIGH
SPOTS of each surface touch. By increasing the surface in contact, more high spots
touch and the resistance of the connection is reduced. Solder, flowed into a connection,
brings all surfaces - high or low - into contact. Soldered connections are the tightest
connections.
The true open circuit occurs when a wire breaks or when a connection comes completely
apart. The circuit is broken and no current flows. Opens may also result from poor
running of cable. Cable should have no kinks or sharp bends, which 'might weaken
and break.
Short Circuits
SHORT CIRCUITS are "short-cuts" between the two terminals of a generator or a
battery. Imagine that the insulation is destroyed within the search light cable
run. The two conductors within this cable contact each other. Figure 22 shows this
schematically. The current in this circuit. now travels from the source to the SHORT
(point of contact) and back to the source. The short has provided an easier path
of low resistance.
The current is extremely high because the short offers practically no resistance
to the current. This current may be high enough to heat the wires to a red-heat,
melt the insulation, burn out the generators, and sometimes cause a fire. To prevent
damage from shorts, a FUSE is inserted in the line usually close to the generator
or battery. A fuse is simply a piece of metal which melts at a fairly- low temperature.
Fuses are designed to carry specified amounts of current. Standard current ratings
for fuses usually are multiples of five - 5, 10, 15, 20, etc. amperes. A 10 ampere
fuse will carry any current up to 10 amperes; but any current over 10 amperes will
melt the fuse metal and open the circuit. Thus, the fuse, by melting first, prevents
the other parts of the circuit from over-heating. Overloads on a circuit-too many
electrical devices connected in the same circuit will also "blow" fuses. Figure
23 shows a fuse protected circuit and a non-protected circuit. All Navy lighting
circuits are protected by fuses.
Most shorts are accidental. They occur when vibration wears away insulation,
when salt water gets into a connection of cable, when heat melts away insulation,
and when carelessness brings two conductors together. Common sense and reasonable
care will reduce shorts to a minimum.
Grounded Circuits
Grounded circuits are both intentional and accidental. Intentional grounds are
used on airplanes and small motor launches. One terminal of the battery or generator
is connected to the fuselage of the airplane or to the motor or hull of the launch.
The fuselage, motor, or hull constitutes a GROUND connection. The other terminal
of the source is connected to the loads which are also grounded. The current path
is from source to load via a wire and return to source via the metal framework (ground).
Actually the metal framework is being used as one of the two conductors. An accidental
ground from the "hot" side (ungrounded terminal) to the framework would be a short
circuit through the plane or launch. Of course, the fuses would blow.
On regular ships of the Navy, no power circuits are grounded. In fact, all Circuits
are periodically tested to locate and correct accidental grounds. The danger lies
in the possibility of the hot side of circuits being grounded. Result - a short
circuit. Note the difference between intentional grounds and accidental grounds
in figure 24.
Summary of Circuit Faults
Opens, shorts, and accidental grounds either interrupt a circuit 'completely
or, at least, impair its efficiency. In addition, circuit faults are fire hazards-not
to be tolerated aboard ship. In general, there are only a few causes of circuit
faults. Review the table below and be able to prevent circuit faults on your job.
Circuit Faults and Causes
|
Cause |
Fault |
Dirt and grease |
poor connection, open connection |
Loose lugs and bolt connections |
poor connections, open connections |
Heat |
shorts, opens and grounds |
Deteriorated insulation |
shorts and grounds |
Friction, vibration, kinks and nicks |
opens, shorts and grounds |
Acids and paints |
ruined insulation, shorts, opens and grounds |
Overloads |
heat-opens |
Small area connections |
heat, low current, opens |
Cable Designations

Figure 22. - Short circuit.

Figure 23. - Unprotected and protected circuits

Figure 24 – Intentional and accidental grounds
Blueprints of wiring diagrams always carry a group of letters and numbers alongside
each conductor. These letters and numbers tell you exactly the kind of cable used
on the run. The cables them-selves bear a metal or fiber tag stamped with the same
letters and numbers. The first letter tells how many conductors are in the cable.
"S" stands for single conductor, "D" stands for double conductor, "T" stands for
triple conductor, "F" stands for four conductors, and "M" stands for multiple (more
than four) conductors .to the cable. Two "T" 's together at the beginning stand
for twisted pair, telephone. The middle letters indicate the use of the cable. Examples
are, "LP" for lighting and power, "RH" for radio-high tension, and "HF" for heat
and flame resistant. The last letters indicate the outside covering. "A" means armored,
"L" means leaded, "F" means flexible. The numbers following the letters tell you
two things-the number of conductors ( used ONLY if more -than four) and the cross
section area of each conductor in thousands of CIRCULAR MILS. The following table
gives you a number of examples of Navy cables. If you keep the marking system in
mind, you will be able to reason out ANY cable markings.
Navy Cable Markings
SLPA-10 |
Single conductor light and power, armored - 10,000 cm. |
TRHLA-2 |
Triple conductor, radio, high tension, leaded and armored - 2,000 cms. |
FHF A-20 |
Four conductor, heat and flame resistant, armored 20,000 cm. |
MDGA-10-50 |
Multiple conductor, degaussing, armored, 10 conductor, 50,000 cm. per conductor. |
TTHFF-40 |
Twisted pair, telephone, heat and flame resistant, flexible, 40 pairs. |
Chapter 4 Quiz
(click here)
Posted May 11, 2021
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