| RF Cafe has been around since 1999, and since then has grown to more than 3,000 pages of unique content. The vastness of the depth and breadth can be seen in the webpage tree below. Unlike many website who have stolen content from RF Cafe, I have assiduously avoided instances of copyright infringement. Unless noted, every bit of text, graphics, and images is original (I do not claim credit for thumbnails that link to other people's work). All 3,000+ are not listed here since that includes hundreds of resumes, crossword puzzles, and many other pages. There should not be any repeated pages in this list. Search the List Probably the best way to find a specific item in the page list is to use the browser's search function. Most browsers use Ctrl+F (dialog box opens for IE and SeaMonkey, search box appears in bottom of browser window in Firefox, top of browser window in Apple Safari). The bulleted list is a javascript-driven feature that can be expanded or collapsed by clicking on the titles with the ß symbol. - Business ß
- Miscellany ß
- 9-11-2001 on U.S. $20 Bill
- Book Giveaway Drawing
Send me an e-mail to be entered in the monthly drawing - Cool Pics Archives ß
A collection of some of the coolest photos having to do with engineering and science. - Cool Products Archives ß
These items are worth of special note - some cutting edge, and some just loony. - Cool Videos / Audios ß
Lab experiments gone wrong, engineering students being...students, gee-whiz technology in action, and newsworthy footage. - Crossword Puzzles w/Engineering Theme ß
Every week or so, I create a new crossword puzzle with words that are ALL part of an engineering and science lexicon. - Geocaching Challenge
Send a photo of yourself at the specified locations and win a custom RF Cafe item. - Humor, Science & Engineering ß
Here is a collection of nerd humor from across the web, and from submissions by RF Cafe visitors. - Kirt's Cogitations Archive ß
Formerly known as "Factoids," these short articles cover a vast realm of topics related to science and engineering- 245 - Of Free Software
- 244 - Science in Music
- 243 - Retiring Your Retirement Plans?
- 242 - Choose Your Welfare System
- 241 - You Can't Choose Your Relatives
- 240 - The Law of Unintended Consequences
- 239 - Trial by Fire
- 238 - Too Clever by Half
- 237 - Teaching an Old Dog New Tricks
- 236 - OpenOffice.org - What's in It for You?
- 235 - The More Things Change...
- 234 - FireWire of a Different Sort
- 233 - Exactly Why Are You Looking for a New Job?
- 232 - The Stamp of Approval for Science
- 231 - All Hail the CFL
- 230 - Windowtalkers™
- 229 - Tax Freedom Day – An Oxymoron
- 228 - Not Such A Smooth Operator
- 227 - A Rising Tide Lifts All Boats
- 226 - WWVB
- 225 - Jobs, Jobs, Jobs
- 224 - RF Technology in Autos
- 223 - Electronic Voting
- 222 - Engineering °s
- 221 - RFCafe.EU's Raison d'Être
- 220 - Expensive Exposure
- 219 - It Happened When?
- 218 - What a Difference a Letter (Word) Makes
- 217 - Hobbyists are Still the Future
- 216 - Points of Inflection
- 215 - Disruptive Disruptions
- 214 - Ignorance is NOT Bliss
- 213 - U.S. Leads the Nuclear Energy Pack
- 212 - Rules of Thumb
- 211 - My Astronaut Days of Yore
- 210 - Domiciliary Hot Spots
- 209 - The American Spirit Alive and Well
- 208 - Tempus Fugit
- 207 - Splitting Hairs Over Precision
- 206 - Our Best Days are Before Us
- 205 - Pure Genius
- 204 - H1B or RG30M Visas?
- 203 - WLAN in the Most Unlikely Places
- 202 - MSI - A Trip Back
- 201 - Riddle Me This, Riddler
- 200 - The Good Old Days?
- 199 - Techno-Speak
- 198 - Mixed Signals
- 197 - Secure RFID. Or Not.
- 196 - Chinese Piracy. Arrrrr....
- 195 - A Step Back to Today
- 194 - Is Print Now Passé?
- 193 - Katrina: The Political Mother of All Storms
- 192 - When is a Phone Not a Phone?
- 191 - To RSS, or Not to RSS
- 190 - Ubiquitous GPS
- 189 - Caveat Emptor
- 188 - Researching the State of R&D
- 187 - Petty Patents
- 186 - Technopolis c2005
- 185 - The More Things Change...
- 184 - Why You Shouldn't Take a Mercury Thermometer in Your Carry-On
- 183 - The Next Assembly Line Robot - Antifreeze
- 182 - A Reason to Question Authority
- 181 - Why Google Won't Be Offering Me a Job
- 180 - Entertain Me, But Don't Insult Me
- 179 - RFID Could Save Your Leg...or Kidney, or...
- 178 - Lorem Ispum, Et Cetera
- 177 - Thanks for Helping Us Track You
- 176 - Of Enigma Machines and Windtalkers
- 175 - One Man's Fast is Another Man's Slow
- 174 - Voxel Searching
- 173 - Obliquity of the Equinoxes
- 172 - Gray Markets
- 171 - H1B Visas in 2004
- 170 - Why Dilbert's Tie Curls Up
- 169 - Online Fraud Toppers
- 168 - ISO Stands for Nothing - Just Ask Them
- 167 - Thank a Terrorist
- 166 - The 1st Professional Human Computer
- 165 - Big Brother's Big Brother
- 164 - Ima Cum Laude. Areyoua Cum Laude?
- 163 - Water for the Naive?
- 162 - So Quite, You Can Hear a Snowflake Drop
- 161 - Well, They Say the Mind is the First Thing to Go
- 160 - Now That's Cold!
- 159 - Does Your Employer Want You Dead?
- 158 - Why You Get Bumped
- 157 - Good Luck
- 156 - Just an Old жена's Tale
- 155 - Top 300 Electronics Companies for 2003
- 154 - Bug Sniffers
- 153 - Some Really Cool Speakers
- 152 - Geekdom Ain't so Bad
- 151 - Look Deep Into My Eyes
- 150 - Faster than This Speeding Train, Superman?
- 149 - AWG Math
- 148 - Hand Me an 8-denarius Nail, Please
- 147 - Fledgling Pilots
- 146 - Plastic, Heal Thyself
- 145 - BSOD on Cellphones
- 144 - Oh, to Be a Turtle(...and not the Mutant Ninja type, either)
- 143 - The Mavens of Techno-Speak
- 142 - Computer Punch Cards Making a Comeback?
- 141 - One Man's Summer is Another Man's Winter
- 140 - Congressional Hypocrisy - Synonymous Terms
- 139 - Magnetoresistance - Fodder for Micro Hard Drives
- 138 - X-Prize - the Grown-Up's Toy Rocket
- 137 - Mnemonic for VSWR and Return Loss
- 136 - The Pre-Plastic Era - Not So Long Ago
- 135 - H1Bs Filling the Void?
- 134 - The Origin of "I"
- 133 - Cockleburs on Your Tennies
- 132 - Really Big and Really Small
- 131 - Will White LEDs Dethrone the Incandescent Bulb?
- 130 - Wi-Fi in Your Cellphone (WiFiFone?)
- 129 - A Side Order of Insect Filth with Those Fries?
- 128 - So Near, and Yet So Far
- 127 - Don't Be a Human Lightning Rod
- 126 - High Voltage Auto Systems Coming to a Car Near You
- 125 - C60 - the Buckminsterfullerene
- 124 - A Cell Phone by Any Other Name...
- 123 - EE Times 2002 Salary Survey
- 122 - Insist on Cash When Russia is the Customer
- 121 - Dirty Money
- 120 - The Marvel That is Carbon
- 119 - These Aren't My Pants
- 118 - A New Wind Chill Chart
- 117 - It's Baaaack....
- 116 - Mathematica - Summa Cum Laude
- 115 - Entangled Qbits
- 114 - Lobster Compasses
- 113 - SETI Wants Your Computer
- 112 - Cray = Guess
- 111 - NASA's Got the Time
- 110 - Green Death
- 109 - Well, Duh, Reentries Are HOT
- 108 - The n-Gun Salute
- 107 - Ctrl+Alt+Del That Varmint
- 106 - Ping Pong Balls in Space
- 105 - Dephlogisticating Phlogistons
- 104 - The NUMB3RS Behind Rock Skipping
- 103 - Paint Brushes 101
- 102 - The Origin of the Name "Wall Street"
- 101 - Project "Butthead Astronomer"
- 100 - Patents c2003
- 99 - We Don't Need No Stinking Fab
- 98 - I've Got Your WMD Right Here
- 97 - The Bottom Line Trumps Security
- 96 - Silicon Implants
- 95 - We're All Freaks... In Our Own Sort of Way
- 94 - Uncloaking Stealth
- 93 - Rossum's Universal Robots
- 92 - New Pick-Up Line: What's Your Erdös Number?
- 91 - Big Brother's Along for the Ride
- 90 - 2004 Salary Survey
- 89 - Microstrip Ice Detectors
- 88 - The Google Bomb
- 87 - Chipping Your Ride
- 86 - Snowflake Shape Predictability
- 85 - Daylight Savings Time Inanity
- 84 - Cool Wall Warts
- 83 - e-Cats
- 82 - Snowflake Shape Predictability
- 81 - Oak ID
- 80 - My Technology (and My Money) Go to China
- 79 - Nowhere for Nukes to Hide
- 78 - Cheap GaN
- 77 - Amazing
- 76 - Does a "Fair" Coin Really Exist?
- 75 - Carbon in the News Again
- 74 - The Doppler Toppler
- 73 - No Shortage of Oil
- 72 - The Good Trojan
- 71 - My Computer IS a Tennis Shoe
- 70 - The Dumbing Down of America
- 69 - A Glue that Sticks to Nothing
- 68 - Bluetooth - Oops, I Just Violated Their Trademark
- 67 - Lorem Ipsum - Not Really
- 66 - Daylight Saving Time - Birth of a Burden
- 65 - pB-Free: The Craze Has Begun
- 64 - Time Standard of the Dark Ages: The H2O Clock
- 63 - À la tonalité, le temps sera...
- 62 - The Twilight Zone - Defined
- 61 - Early Leakage Currents
- 60 - Paris Mean Time - Non
- 59 - Wreck Your Prius? Call in the Hazmat Team
- 58 - Frozen Smoke
- 57 - Nowhere to Hide
- 56 - Galileo vs. GPS & GLONASS
- 55 - Gold Digging
- 54 - The 1st Computer Rodent
- 53 - Bottom Line Trumps Ideology
- 52 - These Boots Were Made for Charging...
- 51 - Running Out of IP Addresses
- 50 - Unbreakable Code?
- 49 - Jack (and Jacques) Has Become a Dull Boy
- 48 - Two Squeaky Clean Seals: $200,000. Watching an Orca Eat Them: Priceless
- 47 - See-Through Semiconductors
- 46 - Stock Option Envy
- 45 - Shooting Crooked - On Purpose
- 44 - Wi-Fi Insecurity
- 43 - Theirs Choose Ph.Ds, Ours Choose Baseball Caps Worn Backwards and Baggy Pants
- 42 - Notice to IEEE Insurance Customers
- 41 - Hmmmm.. Maybe I Should Test This Theory on My Two Cats...
- 40 - Escalating the Performance of Escalators
- 39 - Real Plastic Money
- 38 - Do You Stutter? You're in Good Company
- 37 - LED Taillights on the Way
- 36 - Earthshine on the Moon
- 35 - Hoax Hotline
- 34 - Microwave Oven Clocks Causing Global Warming
- 33 - The First Photo
- 32 - Not This Year
- 31 - R.H.I.P. (Rank Has It's Price)
- 30 - Hand Me the Raid
- 29 - Family-Friendly Wal-Mart
- 28 - A Better Photodetector
- 27 - Wow, We're Popular!
- 26 - No Wonder I Feel Poorer
- 25 - Terrorist Inerters Needed
- 24 - Memorial Day Tribute
- 23 - Not Sure I Like These Odds
- 22 - Tuning In Your Tennis Shoes
- 21 - A Cool Concept
- 20 - We Are Not Alone
- 19 - Solstice Trivia
- 18 - Patently Offensive
- 17 - Electronic Porpoises on the Ocean's Horizon
- 16 - NAND Seems Logical
- 15 - We'll Take Him
- 14 - Better Re-Check Those Numbers
- 13 - My Mussel Glue Can Beats Your Gorilla Glue
- 12 - Ala Doc's DeLorean
- 11 - Allies Not Required
- 10 - These Are a Serious Set of Speakers
- 9 - U.S. Losing More Ground in Academia
- 8 - Falling Through the Earth
- 7 - Ethernet, Meet Gasnet
- 6 - Blowing Bubbles at the ISS
- 5 - Pi Poetry
- 4 - Farewell and Adieu to Pioneer 10
- 3 - Piezoelectric Foam
- 2 - Top 100 R&D Companies for 2002
- 1 - Untitled Collection
- Military Service Photos of RF Cafe Visitors
As a tribute to the military service of RF Cafe visitors, this space is being provided for you to have photos of you and your equipment and/or buddies displayed in a public place. - Notable Quotes Archive ß
Words of wisdom from notable - and not so notable - people. - Polls Archive ß
Screen shots final results of all the Homepage Polls and Forum Polls - Press Release Archive ß
Send me your company's press releases and/or other company news, and I will be glad to add them to the homepage Press Releases area - no charge.- | 2008 | 2007 | 2006 | 2005 |
- Quizzes ß
Test your RF and engineering knowledge here! These quizzes offer a quick, self-scoring means of testing your RF knowledge - or maybe learning a few new things. People have reported using material from this site as fodder for interviewing potential candidates. - Recently Added List Archive ß
Every item placed in the Recently Added column on the RF Cafe homepage is archived in these pages. If you remember seeing a link at some time, but it is no longer on the homepage, then search these pages. They go back to around 2003. - Smorgasbord ß
In keeping with the "cafe" genre, these tidbits of information are truly a smorgasbord of topics. They all pertain to topics that are related to the general engineering and science theme of RF Cafe. - Sudoku ß
A few puzzles were created, but I stopped. Let me know if you want more. - T-Shirt Contest ß
Each month, winners are selected from among those who order RF Cafe software, those who advertise on RF Cafe, those who point out errors on the RF Cafe website, and those who contribute to the RF Cafe Forums. The complete array of items available for purchase at just 50 cents over my cost is available here. - Technical Headlines ß
A daily collection of relevant - and sometimes humorously unbelievable - headlines from dozens of engineering and science websites. - This Day in History ß
These are important dates in science and engineering history. Entries have hyperlinks to credible sources in order to halt the plethora of misinformation out there. If a commemorative RF Cafe logo has been created for an event on a particular date, it will also be on the day's page. - The Inside Scoop
A collection of "insider" information submitted by RF Cafe visitors. Send me your hot scoop (anonymously) and I'll print it if verifiable. - USAF Radar Shop Pictures ß
These are commemorative pages for radar technicians in the U.S. Air Force.
- RF Cafe Forums ß
Here is a meeting place for engineers, technicians, hobbyists. managers, and all others who share an interest in things RF and microwave. - Anecdotes, Gripes & Humor
Tell us your interesting/funny Work-Related stories or Work-Related complaints. - Amateur Radio
A lot of RF Cafe visitors are Ham radio operators, so this space is dedicated to them. - Antennas
Design, testing, installation, simulation, product announcements... - CAE, CAD, Software
Simulations, drawings, spreadsheets... - Circuits
Design, testing, simulation, PCB layout & fabrication, schematic entry... - Company Ratings & Comments
Comment upon and rank your experience with all the companies with which you have dealt. - Components
Where to buy, identification, datasheets, reliability, product announcements... - Education
Discuss experiences, future plans, rate your school... - Employment
Tell us your experiences, ask about companies, comment on engineering as a career. Please do not post job offers here w/o permission. - Miscellaneous
Just about anything else is fair game here, but keep it civil or it will be deleted. - Politics
Keep is civil or it WILL be deleted and you WILL be blocked. - Polls
Cast your vote today - Log In not required to vote. - Swap Shop
Buy, sell or trade. RF Cafe is not responsible for the results of using this forum. Don't even think about selling Viagra or iPods here. - Systems
For topics related to overall system design, implementation, and test. - Tech Stock Market
Share your tips, ask for advice, cry on our shoulders ;-) - Test & Measurement
Questions and suggestions welcome here. - Webmaster
Comments to & from the Webmaster (Kirt Blattenberger) - Win a Free RF Cafe T-Shirt or Mug
One or winners will be chosen monthly based on participation.
- References ß
- Amateur Astronomy
- Amateur Radio
- Amateur Weather
- Application Notes & Technical Papers ß
- Bookstore, Engineering & Science ß
Most items are linked to Amazon.com. Unless you live in Washington state, there is no sales tax, and for most books there is no shipping charge. - Calculators & Converter Applets, Engineering
- Calculators on RF Cafe ß
- Computer Language Resources ß
- CV (Curriculum Vitae) Writing Services
- Defense & Homeland Security
- Design Data ß
- Engineering Education Bulletin Boards, Tutorials, & Courses
- Electrical / Electronics Conversions, Formulas & References ß
- Table of Contents
- A/D Converter Calculations for RF Applications
- All Physical Constants
- Amplitude Modulation
- AN (Army / Navy) Component Designators & Designations
- AN (Army / Navy) Equipment Indicators
- Antenna Basics
- Antenna Patterns
- Applications & Media Data Bandwidth (2006)
- Solar Spectral Irradiance & PV Cell Operational Regions (ASTM G173-03)
- Atmospheric Absorption
- Atmospheric Refraction
- Fixed Pi and Tee Attenuators - Equations
- Battery Types & Specifications
- Battery Drawings
- Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) Battery Specifications
- Lithium-Polymer (Li-Po or Li-Poly) Battery Characteristics
- Bit Error Rate
- Bessel Functions
- Bessel Filter Poles
- Bessel Filter Prototype Element Values
- BGA Pad Count Matrix
- Bob Pease - The Successful Use of Breadboards for Complex Prototype Circuits
- Bond Wire Properties
- Boolean Algebra Equations & Truth Tables
- Butterworth Lowpass Filter Poles
- Butterworth Filter Prototype Element Values
- Capacitors & Capacitance Calculations
- Capacitance Conversions
- Capacitor Dielectric Properties
- Standard Capacitor Values
- Cascade Budget Calculation
- Example of System Cascade
- Data Rates Supported By Cellular Standards
- Electrical Charge Conversions
- Chebyshev Lowpass Filter Poles
- Chebyshev Filter Prototype Element Values
- LED Christmas Light Patents
- Properties of Modes in a Circular Waveguide
- Coaxial Cable Equations
- Coaxial Cable Specifications
- Coaxial Connector Descriptions & Drawings
- Coaxial Connector Usage Properties
- Conductor Bulk Resistivity & Skin Depths
- RF Connector Torque Specifications
- Electrical Current Conversions
- Damped Responses
- Data Bus Specifications
- Dell XPS400
- Delta-Wye Conversions
- Derivation of Phase Angle Error Due to VSWR Mismatch - by Haris Tabakovic
- Dielectric Constant, Strength, & Loss Tangent
- Capacitor Dielectrics & Descriptions
- Directional Couplers / Quadrature Hybrid Couplers
- Doppler Frequency Shift
- DTMF Frequencies
- Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP)
- Electric Field Conversions
- Electrical Constants
- Electrical Field Strength Conversion Table
- Electrical Units
- Electrocution of the Human Body
- FCC Maximum Permissible RF Exposure Regulations
- Filter Prototype Denormalization
- Filter Equivalent Noise Bandwidth
- Filter Transfer Functions
- Flip-Flop Truth Tables
- Frequency Bands
- Frequency Modulation
- Frequency - Reactance Nomograph
- Fuse Drawings
- Fuse Specifications
- Gaussian Lowpass Filter Poles (to 6 dB & to 12 dB)
- Gaussian Lowpass Filter Prototype Element Values (to 6 dB & to 12 dB)
- Global Wireless Frequency Bands
- GSM Cordless Telephony System Broadcast Channel (CTSBCH) Timeslot Assignment
- GSM Timeslot & Frequency Specifications
- Hazardous Voltage Levels
- Helical Resonator Design for Filters
- The History of Communications
- The History of 50 Ω
- Home Computers Circa 1981
- Impedance and Admittance Formulas for RLC Combinations
- Inductors & Inductance Calculations
- Inductance Conversions
- Standard Inductor Values
- Insulation & Jacketing Materials Properties
- Cascaded 2-Tone, 2nd-Order Compression Point (IP2)
- Cascaded 2-Tone, 3rd-Order Compression Point (IP3)
- Karnaugh Maps / Tables
- Kirchhoff's Law
- Lightning Websites
- Wireless Link Budget
- Lumped / Distributed Transmission Line Element Conversions
- Magnetic Field Conversions
- Magnetic Flux Conversion
- Maxwell's Equations
- Microstrip Substrate Equations
- Military & Industry Standard Documents
- Mil-Spec Capacitor Families
- Miniature Lamp Guide
- A Graphical Approach to Mixer Spurious Analysis
- Morse Code
- GSM Mobile Station (MS) Classes for Multislot Capability
- mW-to-dBm Power Conversion
- Near-Field / Far-Field Transition Distance
- Cascaded Noise Figure
- Noise Power & Voltage
- Norton Equivalent
- Ohm's Law
- Opamp Noise Figure
- Operational Amplifiers (OpAmps)
- Origin of the Name "HAM" for Amateur Radio Operators
- Cascaded 1 dB Compression Point (P1dB)
- IC Package Outlines
- Package Outlines - DIP
- Package Outlines - LCC
- Package Outlines - PLCC
- Package Outlines - SOIC
- Package Outlines - SOT
- Package Outlines - TO
- Package Outlines - TSSOP
- Parallel Port Pin-Out
- Free Space Path Loss - Friis Equation
- 1-Way (Radio) Path Loss Calculator
- 2-Way (Radar) Path Loss Calculator
- Fourier Series of Periodic Functions
- Passive Intermodulation (PIM)
- Potential Conversions
- Power Factor
- Signal Propagation Time
- Pulse Definition
- Power vs. Voltage in a 50 Ω System
- Quadrature (I/Q) Modulator Sideband Suppression
- Quartz Crystal Characteristic Modes of Vibration
- Radar Equation, 2-Way
- Properties of Modes in a Rectangular Waveguide
- Resistance Conversions
- Resistor Markings: MIL-PRF-55342
- Resistor Markings
- Standard Resistor Values
- Selected European Radio Frequency Allocations 30 MHz to 300 GHz
- U.S. Radio Frequency Allocations - 30 MHz to 300 GHz
- Properties of RF Semiconductors
- 1st-Generation UHF Standards for RFID
- Right-Hand Rule for Magnetic Field by Current in a Wire
- Parallel RLC Combinations
- Series RLC Combinations
- RMS: Voltage & Average Power
- Serial Port Pin-Out
- Spurious-Free Dynamic Range
- S-, H-, Y-, Z-, ABCD- Parameter Conversions
- Sinewave Voltages - Vpk, Vpk-pk, Vavg, Vrms
- Skin Depth
- Slide Rule & Calculator Museum
- Smith Chart™
- Smith Chart™ Artwork
- Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
- Solder Properties
- Soldering Tip
- Spectral Inversion
- Square Wave Voltages - Vpk, Vpk-pk, Vavg, Vrms
- Technical Abbreviations and Acronyms
- Tempest Websites
- Thévénin Equivalent
- Toroids: Powdered Iron
- Transmission Line Equations
- Triangle Wave Voltages - Vpk, Vpk-pk, Vavg, Vrms
- Triboelectric Series
- EIA Vacuum-Tube Base Diagrams
- Undersampling of Modulated Signals
- Voltage & Power Conversions (Vp, Vpp, dBV, dBu, W, mW, dBm)
- VSWR - Return Loss - G Conversions
- VSWR Mismatch Errors
- VSWR Reduction by Matched Attenuator
- Rectangular & Circular Waveguide: Equations & Fields
- Waveguide & Flange Selection Guide
- WCDMA Band Frequency Assignments
- Copper Wire Properties & Gauge Conversions
- Wireless Communications Specifications
- Wireless Communications Specifications #2
- Data Rates Supported By Cellular Standards
- Wireless Hotspots
- Wireless LAN (WLAN) Band Specifications
- IEEE 802.11a/b/g WLAN Spectral Masks
- Transformer Lead Color Code
- Engineering Organizations & Societies
- Engineering, Electronics & Technical Websites
- FCC Technical Definitions
- Financial Investing - Technology
- Forums, Technical Blogs & Wikis, Engineering
- Free Stuff Websites
- Government Business Websites
- Inventors ß
- Job Information Resources
- Magazine Articles ß
- Mechanics & Physics Conversions, Formulas & References ß
- Technical & Communications Industry Standards
- Magazine Websites, Engineering & Science
- Magazine Subscriptions, Engineering & Science
- Mathematical References ß
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