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Subminiature Construction Techniques for the Home Builder | |||||||
Subminiature Construction Techniques for the Home Builder By Louis E. Garner, Jr.The availability of these tiny parts makes it possible for hobbyists with limited space to build electronic equipment.
Today, however, with the increasing availability of miniature and subminiature components, an entirely new construction field has opened for the experimenter - assembling subminiature equipment. Nor is this field restricted only to the experimenter; hams will find that the construction of subminiature receivers and transmitters offers a real challenge to their skill, hi-fi "bugs" can apply subminiature construction techniques to the assembly of compact preamplifiers, and technicians will find that subminiature test equipment reduces the weight and space requirements of equipment that must be "toted" to a customer's home. In addition to the advantages just outlined, assembling subminiature equipment is the ideal solution to the problem of the experimenter who lives in an apartment and has limited space at his disposal. The equivalent of a "shop full" of tools may be carried in a large briefcase. Enough components to assemble several receivers and amplifiers may be easily stored in a cigar box and a coffee or end table offers ample working area for most projects. Subminiature Components Recently subminiature components have become widely available at local radio-electronic wholesale supply houses. Previously, such parts were so difficult to obtain that the would-be builder soon gave up in disgust. Today most of these components may be purchased across the counter as stock items. A few still have to be obtained on special order, but delivery time is now reckoned in days rather than in weeks and months. A sample selection of components that were purchased at a local radio wholesaler is shown in Fig. 1. The 6" rule in the photo illustrates the sizes of the components shown.
On the left side is shown (from top to bottom), a Centralab PC-201 3-stage printed circuit audio amplifier, two types of "subminiature" tubes with their corresponding sockets (a Sylvania type 1E8 and a Raytheon type CK512), a printed circuit "Couplate," a standard 1/2-watt carbon resistor, and a miniature volume control (Centralab type B16-224). The miniature volume controls are available in a number of resistance values and both with and without switches. On the right side of the photograph is shown a small iron-core audio transformer, a miniature ceramic coil form, a miniature tuning capacitor, a miniature "metallized" paper capacitor (size shown is .25 µfd., 200 volts), a miniature tubular paper unit, and a disc ceramic capacitor. The small iron-core audio transformers are available from a number of manufacturers, although the UTC SO (Sub-Ouncer) and SSO (Sub-Sub-Ouncer) series are the ones most often carried in stock by local suppliers. Millen manufactures the miniature ceramic coil form shown and can supply these forms with either adjustable iron cores or brass slugs as stock items. The tuning capacitor shown is also a stock item and is manufactured by the E. F. Johnson Co. A type 20M11 is shown (2.6-19.7 µµfd.). Large-capacity, small-size metalized paper capacitors are made by a umber of manufacturers and stocked by most suppliers. A Pyramid type MT capacitor is shown in the photograph as representative. In addition to the above the photo shows a miniature two-conductor jack Walsco type 791) and a midget ear-set (Telex No. A4680). Again, both of these are stock items. In addition to the items shown, :here are a number of other miniature and subminiature components available that might appeal to the specialized builder. Such items include miniature sensitive relays hardly bigger than a standard miniature tube (such relays are manufactured by Potter & Brumfield). However, the items shown in the photograph are those most likely to be encountered as "stock" items at local distributors. Tools The builder of subminiature equipment will find it worthwhile to obtain tools that fit in best with his hobby. A typical assortment of tools is shown in Fig. 2. The collection shown includes a Casco power tool with an assortment of accessories, including drills, brushes, slitting saws, etc. A set of Moody jeweler's screwdrivers is shown in the background. On the right is a set of jeweler's type pliers manufactured by Kraeuter and purchased by the author at a local radio wholesalers. Included are "dikes," "long-noses," and other useful pliers. In the foreground are shown an Ungar pencil iron with small tip, a magnifying glass, a small triangular file, a small rat-tail file, a pair of tweezers, and a penlite. Another useful tool, not shown in the photograph, is a small bench or hand vise. If a vise is not available, a small C-clamp may sometimes be used instead. Materials
Not all the material shown may be available at local radio supply houses, and it may be necessary to go to a plastics "hobby" shop to obtain a supply of plastic sheets, rods, and tubing. Aluminum foil may be obtained at many drug stores and at most supermarkets. Rubber cement can be obtained at dime stores or stationery stores. Small machine screws and nuts may generally be purchased at hardware stores. The prospective builder will find it convenient to purchase corresponding taps and dies at the same time. In addition to the material shown, the builder will find it worthwhile to check through the small parts assortments offered in packages by most radio parts wholesalers. Assortments of small brackets, springs, and similar components often prove handy when assembling equipment. Small diameter wire is likely to prove a little difficult to obtain in some cases, for many radio wholesalers do not stock wire smaller than #20 or #22 gauge, and these sizes are considered as "bus bars" in some types of subminiature construction work. However, it is often possible to "manufacture" small sized wire by removing individual strands from large size stranded wire and using small diameter plastic spaghetti tubing as insulation. Although the basic methods used when designing subminiature electronic equipment are the same as those used when designing conventional sized equipment, there are certain special considerations that must be kept in mind. First, since most subminiature equipment is self-powered, using small batteries, it is necessary that the current drains be kept to a minimum to insure long battery life. Tubes or transistors should be selected so that optimum performance at minimum battery drain is obtained. As few parts as are necessary to accomplish the builder's minimum requirements should be used.
This requirement makes it imperative to avoid the use of power amplifiers unless absolutely necessary, and here only to drive an earphone. While it is possible to build a subminiature amplifier with sufficient output power to operate a loudspeaker, this may result in the production of signal distortion. The compact construction necessary in subminiature equipment requires small coils with, usually, high distributed capacities to ground. These factors lead to low "Q" circuits. Because of this, r.f. circuits selected for subminiature assembly must be capable of operating satisfactorily with low "Q" coils. With subminiature-type tubes, "B" voltages as low as 15 volts may often be used, while a "high B" voltage is 45 volts. This makes it necessary to select circuits which can operate with very low "B" voltages, and sometimes makes an additional stage necessary to obtain sufficient over-all gain. The builder of subminiature equipment will also find that "high fidelity" is actually difficult to achieve except in resistance-coupled stages due to the small amount of iron used in the miniature audio transformers. Better results with subminiature r.f. circuits will be obtained if the builder chooses parts designed specifically for the type of work contemplated. Check through the characteristics carefully before picking a particular component. Wiring Techniques A small "pencil" type soldering iron with a 1/8" tip will be found satisfactory for most subminiature wiring. The iron should be kept well tinned. Most connections are made by pre-tinning the components to be wired and using simple "lap" joints, applying the iron only as long as is necessary to flow the solder. Care should be taken not to overheat subminiature components. Some builders prefer to clamp the soldering iron in a small vise and to hold the subminiature assembly or components to the iron tip, as illustrated in Fig. 5. Note that this technique is just the opposite to that employed in wiring conventional sized equipment. If this method is used, be careful when clamping the iron in the vise. Use enough pressure to hold the iron securely, but remember that too much pressure may damage the iron. Point-to-point wiring is generally used in subminiature construction in order to reduce overall space requirements. Tubes are sometimes wired directly into the circuit while, at other times, the special subminiature sockets are employed. The choice of which to use is a matter of individual preference. Construction Practices The builder contemplating subminiature construction should spend a little time becoming familiar with the tools used (Fig. 2). Somewhat greater skill and patience is required when working with subminiature components than is necessary when working with "full-sized" equipment.
It is customary to mount many parts (even including small iron core transformers and complete printed circuit amplifiers) simply by cementing them in place, using either Duco cement or regular radio service cement. When it is desired to keep a plastic surface free from scratches during construction work and layout, plain white paper may be cemented to the surface using rubber cement. All layout may be made directly on the paper, using a lead pencil. Once the construction is completed, the paper may be "peeled" off, with excess rubber cement removed simply by rubbing it with a finger. Subminiature equipment is more often assembled in plastic cases than in metal because of the greater ease of mounting parts (using cement) and of avoiding wiring shorts. Where shielding is necessary, two techniques may be employed; one is to mount the plastic cased assembly inside a larger metal case, the other is to cement aluminum foil to the plastic case as a close fitting shield. "Heavy" grade aluminum foil should be used. When working with plastics, an ordinary scratch awl makes an admirable "center punch" for small holes. Hand pressure is generally all that is needed to make a good sharp impression in most plastic materials to guide the drill. It is generally not practical to "punch" large holes in plastic. Rather, a large drill or a series of small holes around the circumference of the large hole may be used instead, with the final "sizing" obtained with a file or pocket knife. Still another technique (generally used by the author) is to layout the desired hole and then to use one of the "carving" bits of the electric power tool set to cut out the plastic. Conclusion Subminiature construction offers interesting possibilities to the electronics experimenter, ham, or home builder. Very little space and no "heavy" equipment is required. As far as cost is concerned, the builder will find that individual items are generally somewhat more expensive than their counterparts in conventional sized equipment; however, the total cost of components for a finished piece of equipment is likely to be no higher than its full-sized "equivalent." This is due primarily to the use of batteries in place of expensive a.c.-operated power supplies and filter circuits. Construction projects are numerous, being limited primarily by the ingenuity and interest of the builder. Typical projects are hearing aids, small preamplifiers, "vest-pocket" broadcast receivers, miniature transceivers, and transmitters (for licensed hams), vibration pickups an" amplifiers, etc. Posted July 17, 2013 | |||||||
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RF Cafe began life in 1996 as "RF Tools" in an AOL screen name web space totaling 2 MB. Its primary purpose was to provide me with ready access to commonly needed formulas and reference material while performing my work as an RF system and circuit design engineer. The Internet was still largely an unknown entity at the time and not much was available in the form of WYSIWYG ... All trademarks, copyrights, patents, and other rights of ownership to images and text used on the RF Cafe website are hereby acknowledged. My Hobby Website: AirplanesAndRockets.com
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