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May 1972 Popular Electronics
Table of Contents
Wax nostalgic about and learn from the history of early electronics. See articles
from
Popular Electronics,
published October 1954 - April 1985. All copyrights are hereby acknowledged.
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 Hewlett Packard introduced their electronic
HP-35 Scientific Calculator in 1972. It was not the world's first
pocket-size electronic calculator - that distinction went to the
Busicom LE-120A. However it was the
first to be designed for the science, engineering, and financial communities with its
many built-in math functions. Use of
Reverse
Polish Notation (RPN) might have scared off many would-be users who were easily confused
by anything other than the traditional notation (algebraic) that mimics written form; i.e.,
2 + 3 = 5 (ALG), as opposed to 2 3 + [=] 5 (RPN). Wisely, HP made both modes
selectable. Reading through the
HP-35 manual
makes it evident that this calculator was not for the feint of heart as it presents concepts
like memory stacks, imaginary numbers, vectors, scientific notation, hyperbolic trigonometry,
logarithms, permutations, curve fitting, and more.
In this installment of Mac's Service Shop, Mac and Barney discuss the newfangled device
that ushered in a new era in calculators. The introductory price in 1972 was $395 - that's
equivalent to
$2,336 in 2017 money. Working
HP-35 calculators can be bought on eBay for as little as $50.
See also "Mac's
Service Shop: Buying and Using a Pocket Calculator."
Mac's Service Shop: A Versatile Pocket Calculator
By John T. Frye, W9EGV, KHD4167
 From back in the service department Mac heard the
front door screen of the service shop slam behind Matilda and Barney as they returned
from their lunch hour. "I'm glad I forget each winter how lovely the first really warm
day of May can be," Matilda was declaring. "It's wonderful and exciting to be able to
discover this over and over again each year."
"Yeah, it's not bad out there," Barney admitted gruffly as he pushed through the swinging
door of the service department. He found his employer seated at the service bench staring
down at the varicolored keyboard of a little object lying on the bench in front of him.
The object was flanked by a couple of open books and a scratch pad.
"Hey, what are you doing?" Barney demanded.
"Checking out a graduation gift for my favorite nephew who finishes high school next
month - no, that's not quite true," he broke off. "Actually I'm having a ball playing
with this fascinating bunch of integrated circuits."
Hewlett Packard HP-35 electronic scientific pocket calculator
"What is it? Looks a lot like the minicalculator Matilda has out on her desk except
it has more keys."
"It's Hewlett-Packard's new HP-35 Pocket Calculator," Mac answered, "and you're right
about the number of keys. Matilda's has fifteen; this one has thirty-five. You may have
also noticed her calculator displays eight digits while this one displays ten, but these
are only superficial differences. There are other more important ones."
"I've got the feeling I'm going to hear about them," Barney said resignedly, heaving
himself up on the bench. "But do you think the kid is going to appreciate something to
work math with just after getting out of school? I'll bet he'd rather have a portable
stereo or TV set."
"If he doesn't appreciate this thing now, he will when he starts to Purdue in the
fall and begins four years of studying electronic engineering," Mac promised. "Believe
me, this thing can be worth much more than its nine-ounce weight in gold to an engineering
student or to any other student seriously involved with math."
"Yeah?" Barney questioned skeptically.
"What can it do that Matilda's calculator can't?"
"The one Matilda has is known in the trade as a 'four-banger' because it performs
the four basic arithmetic functions: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
However it does these with far greater accuracy and speed than is possible with a slide
rule and also keeps track of the decimal point. Used in connection with a good set of
logarithm and trig tables, it can sharpen the accuracy and shorten the time of performing
more complicated functions and would be of great help to any college student.
"But now listen to what this little jewel, the Cadillac of the miniature calculators,
can do. In addition to the four arithmetic functions mentioned, it can also extract the
square root of a displayed number at the stroke of this key. Separate keys are provided
to yield almost instantly the trigonometric functions of sin x, cos x, tan x, arc sin
x, arc cos x, and arc tan x. Another key gives the common logarithm of any displayed
number, while still another key yields the natural logarithm. This key marked x is used
to find e to any power without having to punch in the value of e. This one marked π
allows you to punch that constant, correct to ten places, into an equation with a single
key stroke. This 1/x key gives you the reciprocal of any displayed number, and this one
(xy) is used to raise a displayed number to any power within the range of
the instrument - all this with an accuracy of 10 significant digits."
"Whew!" Barney gasped. "You weren't just beating your gums when you said that little
gadget could do a lot of things. How big a number will it handle?"
"It has a dynamic range of two hundred decades from 10-99 to 1099.
It displays ten significant digits with the decimal point automatically positioned. Answers
larger than 10-2 and smaller than 1010 are automatically displayed
in floating point. Outside this range, numbers are expressed in scientific notation,
with the exponent of 10 shown in the extreme right. For example, the answer to an equation
yielding Boltzmann's Constant in joule /K°, which is 1.38 x 10-23 would
display 1.38 on the left and -23 on the right."
"What does this key marked
 do?" Barney asked.
"That brings up another feature of the HP-35. It has a four-register stack plus one
storage memory. Let me see if I can explain: suppose we want to multiply 3 by 4. I punch
the 3 and 3 appears on the LED display, called register X. Next I punch the Enter key,
and the 3 remains displayed but is also entered in unseen storage register Y. Then I
punch 4 and 4 appears in register X while 3 disappears from there but remains in register
Y. Finally I punch the multiplication key, and any numbers in X and Y are multiplied
together and the product appears in register X. Had I punched the key you asked about
before punching the multiplication key, contents of the X and Y registers would have
swapped places, and we would have seen the 3 again instead of the 4. Being able to do
this is a help with some problems."
"How about the other two registers?"
"These are called the Z and T registers. When you punch the Enter key, anything in
register X is entered in register Y, anything in register Y moves to register Z, and
anything in register Z moves to register T. The key marked R↓ permits 'rolling down'
the registers like a rotary desk calendar for viewing what they contain. The CLR key
clears any entry in X, while the CLR key clears all registers including memory."
"What do you mean by 'memory'?" "That is a separate register in which you can store
a constant used repeatedly in a problem you're working with and recall it whenever needed
with a single key stroke. A displayed number is entered in the memory by pushing the
STO key and is recalled to register X by pushing the RCL key."
"I think I understand," Barney said slowly. "When working with an equation that contains
parentheses and brackets, it is often necessary to solve a portion of the problem and
then hold that answer until you solve another part to put with it. With the HP-35 you
don't have to resort to a scratch pad to do this. You simply poke the partial answer
up into the register stack and it drops back into the solution when you need it. Okay;
so that leaves only these CH Sand E EX keys to be explained."
"The CH S key changes the sign of a displayed number," Mac said. "The E EX key means
the next entries after it is punched are exponent digits. CH S must immediately follow
E EX for negative exponents. For example, to enter -0.0123 x 10-7, you press
CH S, .0123, E EX, CH S, and 7 in that order."
"How do they get all those smarts into that little bitty case?"
"With five especially designed MOS/LSI circuits using a new low-power, high-performance
ion-implant process. Each is equivalent to 6,000 transistors, making a total of 30,000
transistor functions in a case 5.8" long, 3.2" wide, and tapering from a height of 1.3"
at the display end to 0.7" at the other. And don't forget this case that slips easily
into your shirt pocket also contains a Ni-Cad rechargeable battery pack that will operate
the instrument for at least five hours before it needs recharging from the 5-oz charger
furnished with the HP-35."
"How much time can you really save by using it?"
"That's what Hewlett-Packard wanted to know; so they ran a capability study in which
engineers proficient in slide rule calculation and also familiar with the operation of
the HP-35 worked the same problems on the slide rule and the calculator. In calculating
the great circle distance between two points on the earth for which the latitudes and
longitudes were given, the time on the HP-35 was 65 seconds with the answer to ten significant
figures. On the slide rule it took five minutes to get an answer to four significant
figures. In working out the pH of a buffer solution, the calculator again required 65
seconds to get an answer to ten significant digits while the slide rule required five
minutes to get an answer to three significant digits.
"But time saved is not the whole story, although it certainly is important to a college
student loaded down with heavy assignments in all his subjects. Because of tolerances
in manipulation when several settings are involved, repeating a solution on the slide
rule rarely produces precisely the same answer. This is not true on the calculator. If
you feed in the same information, you get precisely the same answer. And don't overlook
the much greater accuracy with the calculator, plus the great advantage of not having
to keep track of the decimal point."
"You really are excited about this thing, aren't you?"
"That I am," Mac admitted. "For one thing, I'm glad to see an American company coming
out with a really outstanding calculator. I had begun to believe that only the Japanese
knew how to make minicalculators. But my enthusiasm goes deeper than that. Man's relationship
with numbers has always been a love/hate affair. On the one hand he is fascinated with
the mystery and power of numerical calculations, but he dislikes the drudgery of making
involved calculations involving large numbers with pencil and paper.
"Down through the ages there have been breakthroughs in freeing him from this drudgery
in the way of easily carried calculating aids. First, probably, was the Chinese abacus;
then came tables of logarithms; next was the slide rule; and now we have this shirt-pocket
computer that can perform all these calculations we've mentioned with lightning speed.
Personally, I honestly feel the advent of the HP-35 marks an exciting event in the history
of practical engineering."
"Okay, you're not going to get an argument out of me about that," Barney said. "I
yield to no man in hating to do long-winded calculations with a pencil. But now the Big
Question: How much does it cost?"
"Three hundred .and ninety-five dollars, including recharger, soft leather carrying
case, a safety travel case of molded plastic that holds both calculator and recharger,
and an operating manual. While that's not exactly peanuts, it's only a fraction of what
a non-portable desk-top scientific calculator capable of doing the same things would
cost."
"I only see one problem," Barney said, sliding from the bench and dusting off the
seat of his trousers.
"What's that?"
"How are you going to be able to surrender that little jewel to your nephew?"
"That's what's worrying me," Mac admitted as he reached out and patted the little
calculator fondly.
Posted January 9, 2018
Mac's Radio Service Shop Episodes on RF Cafe
This series of instructive stories was the brainchild of none other than John T.
Frye, creator of the Carl and Jerry series that ran in
Popular Electronics for many years. "Mac's Radio Service Shop" began life
in April 1948 in Radio News
magazine (which later became Radio & Television News, then
Electronics
World), and changed its name to simply "Mac's Service Shop" until the final
episode was published in a 1977
Popular Electronics magazine. "Mac" is electronics repair shop owner Mac
McGregor, and Barney Jameson his his eager, if not somewhat naive, technician assistant.
"Lessons" are taught in story format with dialogs between Mac and Barney.
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