September 1969 Electronics World
Table of Contents
Wax nostalgic about and learn from the history of early electronics. See articles
from
Electronics World, published May 1959
- December 1971. All copyrights hereby acknowledged.
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Experienced RF engineers, technicians,
and hobbyists employ decibels in their writings and speech with the fluidity and familiarity
of chemists discussing pH levels, geneticists recommending DNA sequencing enzymes, astrophysicists
calculating gravitational lensing constants for massive galaxies, or vintage car motorheads calling out
ignition timing in reference to TDC (top-dead-center). This article by William Miller takes
yet another shot at helping those uninitiated in the realm of decibels to be effectively functional
until an eventual - and necessary - firm grasp of the concept is obtained.
Decibels Without Logs
By William G. Miller / Industrial Electronics Corp.
A simple method of solving decibel problems in seconds
mentally without using charts, tables, or slide rules.
Decibel problems can be solved easily without the use of algebraic expressions, log tables,
slide rules, or nomograms. As a matter of fact, with a little practice, you should be able
to make accurate mental calculations.
To begin with, it is necessary to memorize two key numbers and their associated dB figures.
The key number will tell you what to do to the power value when its related dB figure is used.
1. For 10 dB, the key number is 10.
2. For 3 dB, the key number is 2.
This means that for an increase or a +10-dB change, our power level would be multiplied
by 10 and for a decrease or -10-dB change, we would divide by 10.
Similarly, a +3-dB change would then indicate that we multiply the power level by 2 and
a -3-dB change would mean that we must divide by 2.
While it is quite easy to see how an amplifier with a 3-dB gain will double the input power,
it may be more difficult to realize that an amplifier with a 57-dB gain will have double the
power output of an amplifier with a 54-dB gain (both referred to the same 0-dB level).
The power is doubled for every 3-dB gain and halved for every 3-dB loss. This means that
we had to double the power 18 times to get to 54 dB and once more to get to 57 dB.
By way of another example, an antenna with a 30-dB gain can deliver only one tenth the
signal power of an antenna with a 40-dB gain. Note that the power is multiplied by 10 for
every 10-dB gain and divided by 10 for every la-dB loss.
The antenna reference level was multiplied by 10 four times to get to 40 dB and then divided
by 10 (-10 dB) to get back down to 30 dB.
Up to this point, we have been using the 10-dB and 3-dB figures separately, but they can
be used together to form many combinations.
Problem 1: Increase 4 watts by 13 dB.
Solution: First increase the level by 10 of the 13 dB (to 40 watts). Now increase it by
the remaining 3 dB (double the 40 watts).
Answer: 80 watts.
Problem 2: Increase 4 watts by 7 dB.
Solution: First increase the level by 10 dB (40 watts), then subtract 3 dB by dividing
by 2.
Answer: 20 watts.
Many combinations of 3 and 10 can be used to arrive at the decibel figure you want and
different combinations can be used to achieve the same answer.
Technicians who are familiar with powers of ten can pick up even more speed when it is
considered that each 10-dB change means that the decimal point is moved one place.
Problem 3: Attenuate 6 watts by -33 dB.
Solution: Move the decimal point 3 places to the left and halve the result.
Answer: 0.003 watt.
Voltage and current ratios can also be expressed in decibels but the decibel figure associated
with the key number is doubled. 1. For 20 dB the key number is 10. 2. For 6-dB the key number
is 2. The same method as described above can then be used for voltage and current ratios.
Posted September 12, 2017
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