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1st-Generation UHF Standards for RFID
The magic price mark for RFID is a couple cents per tag. At that level, RFID can be added to every product and not represent more than a percent or two of the total cost.
This table summaries the protocols used in RID tags that operate in the 800/900 MHz band assigned for ISM (Industrial, Scientific & Medical) use.
| Key Parameters | Auto-ID Class 0 |
Auto-ID Class 1 |
ISO18000-6 A | ISO 18000-6 B | |
| Forward Link |
Operating Frequency | 902 MHz - 928 MHz | 902 MHz - 928 MHz | 860 MHz - 930 MHz | 860 MHz - 930 MHz |
| Air Interface | AM PWM | AM PWM | Pulse Interval ASK | Manchester ASK | |
| Bit Period | NA: 25 µs/12.5 µs EU: 62.5 µs |
NA: 14.25 µs EU: 66.67 µs |
Data ‘0’: 20 µs Data ‘1’: 40 µs |
125 µs/25 µs | |
| Data Rate | NA: 40/80 kbps EU: 16 kbps |
NA: 70.18 kbps EU: 15.00 kbps |
33 kbps (1) | 8/40 kbps | |
| Worst-case Duty Cycle |
52% Data ‘1’ low for 6 µs |
62.5% Data ‘1’ low for 3To/8 |
50% Data ‘0’ low for 10 µs |
50% Manchester code |
|
| Modulation Depth [Min, Max] |
[20%, 100%] | [30%, 100%] | [27%, 100%] | Nom 15%: [13%, 17% Nom 99%: [90%, 100%] |
|
| Reverse Link |
Air Interface | Passive Backscatter: FSK |
Passive Backscatter: Pulse Interval AM |
Passive Backscatter: Bi-phase Space AM |
Passive Backscatter: Bi-phase Space AM |
| Bit Period | NA: 25 µs/12.5 µs EU: 62.5 µs |
NA: 7.13 µs EU: 33.33 µs |
25 µs | 25 µs | |
| Data Rate | NA: 40/80 kbps EU: 16 kbps |
NA: 140.35 kbps EU: 30.00 kbps |
40 kbps (1) | 40 kbps (1) | |
| Forward-to-reverse Link Turnaround |
Not Applicable (2) | NA: 114 µs EU: 534 µs |
Shall not exceed 100 µs | Shall not exceed 100 µs | |
| General | Reset Signal Duration | 800 µs (CW) | 64 µs (CW) | 300 µs (CW) | 400 µs (CW) |
| Collision Arbitration | Deterministic binary tree search |
Deterministic/Slotted | Adaptive | Probabilistic binary tree search (3) |
|
| Tag Read Speed | Nom: 200 tags/sec Max: 800 tags/sec |
Not specified | Nom: 100 tags/sec (~10 ms/tag) |
Nom: 100 tags/sec (~10 ms/tag) |
|
| Tag Capacity | Not limited by standard | ~300 (4) | ~300 (4) | ~300 (4) | |
| Memory | Memory Type | Read-only | User programmable | User programmable | User programmable |
| Memory Organization | EPC: 64/96 bits Kill Code: 24 bits Total: >=120 bits |
EPC: 64/96 bits Kill Code: 8 bits Total: >=104 bits |
Up to 256 blocks w/256 bits/block (64 kBits) |
Up to 256 blocks w/8 bits/block (2 kBits) |
|
| Security/ Privacy |
Features | Moderate D0/ID1 + 24 bit kill passcode |
None Reader broadcasts all or part of ID code. Reader can request kill passcode. |
None Reader broadcasts UID/SUID. Production set block lock bits. No kill command. |
None Reader broadcasts UID/SUID. Production set block lock bits. No kill command. |
(1) No mention of data rates specific to European operation. Reverse link is always 40 kbps.
(2) For Auto-ID class 0, the tag data response is always known a priori (i.e., nothing has to be computed based on the current bit).
(3) Probabilistic collision arbitration implies that tag selection speed will depend on the tag population size.
This is a disadvantage.
(4) These standards are limited by the probabilistic nature of their collision arbitration protocols.
Most of them assume a tag population of ~250 tags.
Source: RF Design, July 2005 , by Rob Glidden and John Schroeter. Click here for the full article.
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