Homepage Archive - June 2021 (page 2)

See Page 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 of the June 2021 homepage archives.
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Monday the 14th

Bell Telephone - Labs Coherent Light

Bell Telephone Labs Coherent Light, August 1962 Electronics World - RF CafeIn 1962 when this Bell Telephone Laboratories infomercial appeared in Electronics World magazine, scientists were in the early stages of developing communications via light signals. Most lasers (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) were still of the ruby type mentioned here. In fact, it was only two years previous in 1960 that Theodore Maiman created the world's first "optical maser" using a ruby. The term "maser" ("microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation") seems to be a bit of a misnomer, but under the proper conditions it could operate in the visual or infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. "Could coherent light, for example, be sent through protecting pipes to provide high-capacity communication channels between cities?," the copy asks. We now know the answer to that question as optic fiber now spans the globe, literally. This is one of the main reasons I like to post these items from vintage magazines: to remind - or maybe to inform for the first time - people of who it was that developed all the knowledge taken for granted by such a large fraction of the population...

Looking Forward to 6G

Looking Forward to 6G - RF CafeBarry Manz - RF CafeBarry Manz, who is always on top the the latest technology trends, has a new article on the Microwave Product Digest website entitled, "Looking Forward to 6G." In it, he retraces the roots of cellular service back to 1G, describes the current state of 5G (GPP Release 17 ), and predicts how 6G will be different. "6G proposes the use of unimaginably high frequencies in the sub-terahertz region, for which the required technologies are currently in the very early stages of development or simply do not exist. For that matter, many of the applications it is designed to serve do not exist either in tangible form. So, it is easy to speculate what all of these will be, but in general, the goal is to allow instantaneous communications between people, devices, vehicles, and the surrounding environment. It will also rely heavily on AI and machine learning to accommodate the needs of everything from autonomous vehicles to high-definition holographic gaming..."

Many Thanks to Anatech Electronics for Long-Time Support!

Anatech Electronics logo - RF CafeAnatech Electronics (AEI) manufactures and supplies RF and microwave filters for military and commercial communication systems, providing standard LP, HP, BP, BS, notch, diplexer, and custom RF filters, and RF products. Standard RF filter and cable assembly products are published in our website database for ease of procurement. Custom RF filters designs are used when a standard cannot be found, or the requirements dictate a custom approach for your military and commercial communications needs. Sam Benzacar's monthly newsletters address contemporary wireless subjects. Please visit Anatech today to see how they can help your project succeed. 

2021 Top 50 Electronics Distributors List

2021 Top 50 Electronics Distributors List - RF CafeSourceToday just published their 2021 Top 50 Electronics Distributors List. Arrow Electronics came in at #1, with Avnet following at #2. Digi-Key Digi Key ranked #3, followed by Allied Electronics and Mouser. Newark is #9. Advantage Electric Supply brought up the rear at #50. Mouser, sponsor of the survey, came in at #7, which in this instance is probably finishing at #1 lest they be accused of influencing the results. I could not find ant information regarding how rankings were assigned.

Practical Adjustment of the Gamma Match

Practical Adjustment of the Gamma Match, February 1953 QST - RF CafeThis is one of the earliest examples I have seen (and I've seen many) of an electronics article that was written in a conversational tone rather than in the typical stoic, all-business, just-the-facts type prose. In fact, you would be hard pressed to discern it from a contemporary article in QST magazine. Author Davis describes his process of interfacing 52 Ω coaxial cable to a multi-element beam antenna. The gamma match has the advantage in such an application of being usable when the center of a driven element is directly grounded to the antenna boom. Most other types of feed systems require that the driven element be isolated from the boom. BTW, SWR ratios are written here with slashes as the ratio component separator rather than a colon; that is 2:1 is written as 2/1...

Thanks to PCB Directory for Continued Support!

PCB  Directory - RF CafePCB Directory is the largest directory of Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Manufacturers, Assembly houses, and Design Services on the Internet. We have listed the leading printed circuit board manufacturers around the world and made them searchable by their capabilities - Number of laminates used, Board thicknesses supported, Number of layers supported, Types of substrates (FR-4, Rogers, flexible, rigid), Geographical location (U.S., China), kinds of services (manufacturing, fabrication, assembly, prototype), and more. Fast turn-around on quotations for PCB fabrication and assembly.

Promote Your Company on RF Cafe

Sponsor RF Cafe for as Little as $40 per Month - RF CafeRF Cafe typically receives 8,000-15,000 website visits each weekday and about half that on weekends. RF Cafe is a favorite of engineers, technicians, hobbyists, and students all over the world. With more than 15,000 pages in the Google search index, RF Cafe returns in favorable positions on many types of key searches, both for text and images. New content is added on a daily basis, which keeps the major search engines interested enough to spider it multiple times each day. Items added on the homepage often can be found in a Google search within a few hours of being posted. I also re-broadcast homepage items on LinkedIn. If you need your company news to be seen, RF Cafe is the place to be.

Sunday the 13th

Radio Theme Crossword Puzzle for June 12th

Radio Theme Crossword Puzzle for June 12th, 2021 - RF CafeThis Radio Theme Crossword Puzzle for June 13 has many words and clues related to RF, microwave, and mm-wave engineering, optics, mathematics, chemistry, physics, and other technical subjects. Also, it contains at least five (5) instances of this puzzle's theme word. As always, this crossword contains no names of politicians, mountain ranges, exotic foods or plants, movie stars, or anything of the sort unless it/he/she is related to this puzzle's technology theme (e.g., Reginald Denny or the Tunguska event in Siberia). The technically inclined cruciverbalists amongst us will appreciate the effort. Enjoy!

Friday the 11th

Future Space Traffic - 1958 Prediction

Future Space Satellite Traffic, November 1960 Radio-Electronics - RF CafeAccording to the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA), 11,444 objects have been launched into space from Sputnik up until the date of this writing (June 11, 2021). That includes satellites, space exploration probes, sounding rockets, manned missions, etc. With the advent of OneWeb, StarLink, and other kilosatellite constellations being launched, the number will increase by thousands more in the next few years. Most are in low earth orbit (LEO) with limited lifetimes before particle drag eventually degrades their orbit to where they burn up in the atmosphere. Those in high orbits - up to geostationary altitudes† - will physically last well beyond their operational lifetimes. When Hugo Gernsback wrote this article for Radio-Electronics magazine at the end of 1958, he says there were 34 satellites in orbit...

Heathkit HD-1481 Remote Coax Switch Kit

Vintage HD-1481 Remote Coax Switch Kit - RF Cafe Cool ProductThis vintage Heathkit HD−1481 Remote Coax Switch kit is one the latest unbuilt Heathkit kits which appeared on eBay. I have been saving the images in order to preserve the history. The constantly growing list is at the lower right. The first instance I could find for HD−1481 being offered for sale was in the Fall 1984 Heathkit catalog, at a cost of $89.95 ($230.61 in 2021 money per the BLS). A comparable remote coaxial switch today is the Ameritron RCS-4 at $199.95, so the price has remained fairly constant. Use a single feedline to select from up to four antennas. The Heathkit HD−1481 Remote Coaxial Switch is a tower or mast-mounted RF coaxial switch that you can conveniently control from inside your house. the Switch consists of a remote unit - outdoor switching network - and an indoor control unit...

Multibeam Antenna Passes USAF Trials

Multibeam Antenna Passes USAF Trials - RF Cafe"A prototype multibeam antenna passed its first tests, bringing it one step closer to filling the U.S. Air Force's desire for ensured connectivity through multiple satellite constellations. Working in collaboration with satellite operator SES Government Systems, Isotropic Systems is assessing whether its new multibeam antenna can connect to multiple satellites simultaneously, even if they are in vastly different orbits, the developers explained in a June 3 announcement about the tests. The Air Force doesn't want to rely on any single constellation in any single orbital range. As laid out in the U.S. Space Force's Fighting SATCOM Vision, the military wants to ensure that its systems can communicate..."

Skyworks FEM for Wi-SUN, IoT, and Industrial Apps

Skyworks Highly-Integrated FEM for Wi-SUN, IoT, and Industrial Applications - RF CafeSkyworks is pleased to introduce the SKY66122-11, an RF front-end module (FEM) for Wi-SUN and other proprietary technologies operating in unlicensed bands. Designed to enable greater range extension, the SKY66122-11 provides more than two times the range of standalone SoCs, greater power delivery to antenna and low power consumption for optimal battery operation. This new solution is uniquely designed for IoT applications including end points and access points for smart grid and smart metering, smart city, industrial IoT sensors, surveillance and more. The SKY66122-11 is a high-performance, highly integrated RF front-end module (FEM) designed for high-power ISM band, Wi-SUN, and other IOT applications operating in the 863 to 928 MHz frequency range...

Communications via Meteor Bursts

Communications via Meteor Bursts, July 1958 Radio-Electronics - RF CafeLong distance communications (DX) thrives on ionized atmosphere. It causes boundary layers at various altitudes that function as reflecting surfaces and thereby facilitate the "bouncing" of radio waves off the sky so that they bend around the curvature of the Earth. Early sounding rocket experiments verified that indeed ionized layers of atmosphere did exist as suspected based on theories of aurora activity during periods that correlated with observed solar flare activity. Intense solar flare periods are associated with large numbers of sun spots, since coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are produced which supply enormous amounts of electrons traveling at high speed earthward. CME matter of course shoots in all directions, but only those moving in the direction of the Earth matter to us. Amateur and professional, as well as military and academic communications practitioners learned to exploit not only the fairly regular diurnal ionization...

New for 2021! RF & Electronics Stencils for Visio

RF & Electronics stencils for Visio r4 - RF CafeWith more than 1000 custom-built stencils, this has got to be the most comprehensive set of Visio Stencils available for RF, analog, and digital system and schematic drawings! Every object has been built to fit proportionally on the provided A-, B- and C-size drawing page templates (or can use your own). Stencils are provided for equipment racks and test equipment, system block diagrams, conceptual drawings, and schematics. Unlike previous versions, these are NOT Stencils, but instead are all contained on tabbed pages within a single Visio document. That puts everything in front of you in its full glory. Just copy and paste what you need on your drawing. The file format is XML so everything plays nicely with Visio 2013 and later...

COVID-19 Vaccine Trials on Children 6 Months to 11 Years Old

COVID-19 trials children 6 months to 11 years old - RF CafeNews broke recently of COVID−19 vaccine trials begin on children 6 months to 11 years old. All current COVID−19 vaccines are experimental and are approved under an emergency order. Parents or legal guardians must give consent, of course. Here's a conspiracy theory for you: The government, being the legal guardians of hundreds of thousands of accompanied minors flooding across the southern border, can approve using them as Guinea pigs. Hopefully, someone will determine whether there is a coincidence in locations where the vaccine trials are being held and where the children are being relocated. Does this comply with Nuremberg Code principles? Remember you saw it here first.

Please Visit Empower RF's Website in Appreciation of Their Support

Empower RF Systems - RF CafeEmpower RF Systems is a global leader in power amplifier solutions. Empower RF Systems is an established and technologically superior supplier of high power solid state RF & microwave amplifiers. Our offerings include modules, intelligent rack-mount amplifiers, and multi-function RF Power Amplifier solutions to 6 GHz in broadband and band specific designs. Output power combinations range from tens of watts to multi-kilowatts. Unprecedented size, weight and power reduction of our amplifiers is superior to anything in the market at similar frequencies and power levels.

Thursday the 10th

Recent Developments in Electronics

Recent Developments in Electronics, August 1962 Electronics World - RF CafeYou can see by the news items in this 1962 issue of Electronics World "Recent Developments in Electronics" column that electronics was make a big transition in the early 1960s from vacuum tubes to semiconductors. As covered in other magazine articles of the era, the tiny nuvistor triode tube was a last-ditch effort to keep vacuum tubes relevant as transistors were making a move into the industry. Computers, with the increasing availability of semiconductor elements, were beginning to no longer be the purview of universities, government agencies, and large corporations. Rather than requiring hundreds of square feet of floor area and massive cooling systems, newer designs could fit in an office space. Thin film microcircuits took up a small fraction of the volume needed by traditional printed circuit assemblies (get a load of the silver Mercury dime used for size comparison). A "high-speed" serial binary adder had been built using tunnel diode and coaxial delay lines that blazed along at 125 MHz...

Würth SMD Air Coil Inductor Kit for Sale

Würth WE-CAIR SMD Air Coil Inductor Designer Kit for Sale - RF CafeThe "SMD Air Coil Inductor Design Kit" by Wurth Elektronik (P/N 74491) contains a wide variety of surface mount, wire-wound, air core inductors for use while prototyping circuits. Digi-Key sells this exact kit for $143.85, and usually they have the best prices anywhere. All the inductors that came with it are present and have never been used or even removed from their packaging. Note: This kit is a coupe years old, so reference the chart in the box top regarding what parts are included. You can be the proud owner of this kit for only $65 + shipping. I can have PayPal send you an online-payable invoice. Please send me an e-mail with your shipping information and I can get you a total price. "Why be Würth-less when you don't have to be?"...

Stratospheric OpenRAN Platform Flies at 64,000 ft

Stratospheric OpenRAN Platform Flies at 64,000 ft - RF Cafe"Sceye, a developer of high-altitude platform stations (HAPS), announced that it successfully launched its stratospheric platforms and flew at an altitude of 64,600 ft. The announcement comes on the heels of Sceye's long-range record for maintaining data connection in OpenRAN at a distance of 140km. With financial support from the State of New Mexico, the company also joins a consortium of New Mexico-based telecommunications companies and tribal entities to pilot the delivery of universal broadband access to the Navajo Nation. Sceye CEO Mikkel Vestergaard Frandsen said that they view the successful flight and the record-setting data connection as a significant milestone for their technology, one that could dissolve the rural broadband barrier..."

The Fixed "Rotary" Beam Antenna

The Fixed "Rotary" Beam Antenna, August 1940 QST - RF CafeOn a fairly regular occasion someone will write to one of the QST magazine columnists or post on a forum asking about information on a particular antenna configuration he recalled seeing printed many moons ago, but can no longer find anything on it. Fortunately, the columnists are guys who have been in the Ham game for a many decades and not only remember what the writer references, but knows where to dig out the original info. Even with the plethora of resources available on the Web, some things still cannot be found because nobody yet has posted it. That is one of my prime motivations for doing what I do - that is to help make useful data available. That is the reason I also scan and post schematics and service pages for vintage radios...

Notable Tech Quote: "Intelligence is a constant..."

Nomophobia: The smarter your phone is the dumber you are - RF Cafe"Intelligence is a constant. The smarter your phone is the dumber you are." - Anon.   Scientists have assigned a word to describe the psychological condition where a person experiences fear and/or anxiety over not having access to a cellphone -- "nomophobia" (short for "no mobile phobia" ). Per Wikipedia: "...cell phones are 'possibly the biggest non-drug addiction of the 21st century,' and college students may spend up to nine hours every day on their phones, which can lead to dependence on such technologies as a driver of modern life and an example of 'a paradox of technology' that is both freeing and enslaving." "...young adults and adolescents are more likely to suffer from nomophobia." I only carry a cellphone while travelling out of town, and then turn it on only when I need it. Governments and corporations know practically nothing about my daily movements.

Promote Your Company on RF Cafe

Sponsor RF Cafe for as Little as $40 per Month - RF CafeRF Cafe typically receives 8,000-15,000 website visits each weekday and about half that on weekends. RF Cafe is a favorite of engineers, technicians, hobbyists, and students all over the world. With more than 15,000 pages in the Google search index, RF Cafe returns in favorable positions on many types of key searches, both for text and images. New content is added on a daily basis, which keeps the major search engines interested enough to spider it multiple times each day. Items added on the homepage often can be found in a Google search within a few hours of being posted. I also re-broadcast homepage items on LinkedIn. If you need your company news to be seen, RF Cafe is the place to be.

Many Thanks to Anatech Electronics for Long-Time Support!

Anatech Electronics logo - RF CafeAnatech Electronics (AEI) manufactures and supplies RF and microwave filters for military and commercial communication systems, providing standard LP, HP, BP, BS, notch, diplexer, and custom RF filters, and RF products. Standard RF filter and cable assembly products are published in our website database for ease of procurement. Custom RF filters designs are used when a standard cannot be found, or the requirements dictate a custom approach for your military and commercial communications needs. Sam Benzacar's monthly newsletters address contemporary wireless subjects. Please visit Anatech today to see how they can help your project succeed. 

Wednesday the 9th

Crossword Puzzle, August 1962 Electronics World

Electronic Crossword Puzzle, August 1962 Electronics World - RF CafeThis electronics-themed crossword puzzle was published in the August 1962 issue of Electronic World. Crosswords were a fairly standard feature in magazines up through the late last century. Keeping with tradition , every week (usually) I create an engineering-themed crossword puzzle that uses a hand-selected collection of a couple thousand words and clues from a dictionary I built over the last 20 years. Unlike most crosswords seen in technical and hobby publications, RF Cafe crosswords contain only relevant words - never filling in with the names of movie stars, obscure countries, or portmanteaus relating to social oddities...

Magnetism Drives Metals to Insulators

Magnetism Drives Metals to Insulators - RF Cafe"Like all metals, silver, copper, and gold are conductors. Electrons flow across them, carrying heat and electricity. While gold is a good conductor under any conditions, some materials have the property of behaving like metal conductors only if temperatures are high enough; at low temperatures, they act like insulators and do not do a good job of carrying electricity. In other words, these unusual materials go from acting like a chunk of gold to acting like a piece of wood as temperatures are lowered. Physicists have developed theories to explain this so-called metal-insulator transition, but the mechanisms behind the transitions are not always clear..."

Heathkit IM-2400 Handheld Frequency Counter Kit

Vintage Heathkit IM-2400 Handheld 512 MHz Frequency Counter Kit - RF Cafe Cool ProductThis vintage Heathkit IM−2400, 512 MHz Handheld Frequency Counter kit is one the latest unbuilt Heathkit kits which appeared on eBay. I have been saving the images in order to preserve the history. The constantly growing list is at the lower right. The first instance I could find for IM−2400 being offered for sale was in the Winter 1981 Heathkit catalog, at a cost of $139.95 ($429.59 in 2021 money per the BLS) as a kit or $179.95($552.37 in 2021) assembled and tested. A comparable handheld frequency counter today is the TTi PFM3000 3 GHz Hand-Held Counter, at a cost just south of $200...

Hiram Percy Maxim's Gravesite in Hagerstown, MD

Hiram Percy Maxim's Gravesite in Hagerstown, Maryland - RF CafeIsaac Newton famously said, "If I have seen farther it is from standing on the shoulders of giants." His statement was figurative, of course, but I can now say literally that I have stood on the shoulders of a giant. Somewhere recently, I don't recall where, I read that although American Radio Relay League (ARRL) founder Hiram Percy Maxim was born in New York and spent most of his adult life in Connecticut, he was buried in Rose Hill Cemetery located in Hagerstown, Maryland. That just happens to be where Melanie and I stop a couple times each year to visit her mother. We lived there ourselves for about three years in the early 1990s. That day, I surely stood if not exactly atop Mr. Maxim's shoulders, then very nearly so as I maneuvered to take this picture of his grave marker. Why is he buried in Maryland, you might ask? That is where his wife's family's burial plot is located. Mrs. Maxim was the daughter of former Maryland senator and governor William T. Hamilton. Hamilton, in fact, helped establish the Rose Hill Cemetery in the mid 1880s...

Many Thanks to Res-Net Microwave for Continuing Support!

Res-Net Microwave Components - RF CafeRes-Net Microwave has a complete line of precision RF & microwave components including attenuators, terminations, resistors, and diode detectors for commercial, military, and space applications. Products range from the small flange type to large 2,000 watt connectorized power attenuators and/or terminations at frequencies up to 26.5 GHz. In-house photo etch and laser trim capability. The company is a leader in development and production of the films required for these type of RF/microwave components. Please check out Res-Net Microwave's website to see how they can help with your current project.

Tuesday the 8th

Coil-Winding Charts

Coil-Winding Charts, August 1962 Electronics World - RF CafeThis is probably the handiest set of coil winding nomographs I have seen. Created by Donald Moffat, they appeared in the August 1962 issue of Electronics-World magazine. Sure, a calculator app might get the job done more quickly and to a greater number of decimal places, but the beauty of using the graphical approach is being able to get a mental picture of where all the numbers are in relation to each other. Besides, calculating a coil value to more than a couple significant digits is an exercise in vanity unless you are using a EM simulator where you are also defining dozens of physical parameters for the conductor, insulation, nearby structures, temperature, etc. The author explains how to use the dimensions of a coil to predict its inductance, distributed capacitance, and self-resonant frequency. With nomograms "calculations" are performed simply by drawing straight lines across the scales. Along with parameters like wire size...

World's 1st Non-Cellular 5G Technology

World's 1st Non-Cellular 5G Technology - RF Cafe"Wirepas, an IoT connectivity company from Finland, has Developed an Infrastructure-less and Autonomous Technology, now becoming the first non-cellular 5G. The new 5G Standard for IoT challenges the cellular monopoly No middleman, No infrastructure, No subscription fees, Free dedicated global frequency, Dense network capabilities, One tenth of the cost Wirepas, a Finnish company on a mission to change enterprise IoT, today announces the world's first purpose-built non-cellular 5G technology, operating on a free global 1.9 GHz spectrum. The new standard lets any enterprise set up and manage its own network autonomously with no operators anywhere in the world..."

RF Cascade Workbook 2018

RF Cascade Workbook 2018 Is Available Now! - RF CafeRF Cascade Workbook 2018 is the next phase in the evolution of RF Cafe's long-running series, RF Cascade Workbook. Chances are you have never used a spreadsheet quite like this (click here for screen capture). It is a full-featured RF system cascade parameter and frequency planner that includes filters and mixers for a mere $45. Built in MS Excel, using RF Cascade Workbook 2018 is a cinch and the format is entirely customizable. It is significantly easier and faster than using a multi-thousand dollar simulator when a high level system analysis is all that is needed. An intro video takes you through the main features...

Why We Need Strategic Air Communications

Why We Need Strategic Air Communications, December 1950 Radio & Television News - RF CafeYou could take this 1950 Radio & Television News magazine article and substitute "drone" for "intercontinental bomber" and it would do a good job of describing present-day capabilities for global defense based on modern communications. Get a load of the photo of an Air Force technician doing repair on a radar chassis - using a Weller soldering gun! Compare that to today's method of circuit repair that often requires a hot air tool, tweezers, and an eye loupe. Actually, I can remember replacing fried resistors in my USAF group's radar system using just such a soldering gun. Most of the chassis had point-to-point connections where components connected to bifurcated terminals or terminal tab strips. The Ground Controlled Approach (GCA) mobile trailer pictured looks a lot like the Equipment Trailer for our MPN-14 search radar system, except the search radar antenna was narrower (probably for a narrower beam pattern)...

Many Thanks to Axiom Test Equipment for Continued Support!

Axiom Test Equipment - RF CafeAxiom Test Equipment allows you to rent or buy test equipment, repair test equipment, or sell or trade test equipment. They are committed to providing superior customer service and high quality electronic test equipment. Axiom offers customers several practical, efficient, and cost effective solutions for their projects' TE needs and is committed to providing superior customer service and high quality electronic test equipment. For anyone seeking a way to offload surplus or obsolete equipment, they offer a trade-in program or they will buy the equipment from you. Some vintage items are available fully calibrated. Please check out Axiom Test Equipment today!

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